In her first interview after winning the Guardian First Book Prize, Petina Gappah vehemently objected to her being labelled the voice of Zimbabwe. Rightly, so, one would say, for she is a voice, a very confident one for that. She is a voice that, like others before her such as Yvonne Vera, Marechera, Tsitsi Dangarembga, addressed the human condition from a given position, Zimbabwe. All literature is local.
Since her interview, various internet discussion groups have devoted considerable attention to what is perceived by some as a betrayal of her African roots. The title of her interview, ‘Petina Gappah: “I don't see myself as an African writer”’, is provocative enough to make one ask whether she had contracted Michael Jackson’s ‘yellow’ fever. Is it possible to create art that is not rooted in some place? Is she merely a copycat to her famous dead compatriot, Dambudzo Marechera?
Not so fast, friends.
To start with, it is abundantly peculiar even to a troubling degree, that only African writers appear to be burdened with the seemingly annoying issue of identity, whether they are writers from and of the continent. As one writer, coming to Gappah’s defense, said, you don’t ask water whether it is wet, do you? Yet, the writer rightly pointed out the tricky issue of identity. Thank God, identity is not as settled as the wetness of water.
It has to be born in mind that the issue of the African writer is fraught with contested meaning. If other writers from other continents do not face the same niggling problem – which I doubt – it might have to do with many factors, one of which is that writing in Africa, literature as belles-lettres is closely associated with liberation struggle and the definition of self. Chinua Achebe gave this type of writing a definitive form with Things Fall Apart and his subsequent essays and interviews and interpretation of his own book. Thus since the publication of his epochal book, African literature has largely been seen as a mode of writing-back, fighting the West’s misrepresentation of the African image. Achebe cannot be identified with the Negritude movement, but his project is not far removed from Negritude’s redefinition of the maligned image of the African. The subtle difference might lie in the Senghor’s lionisation of the past and Africa’s perceived essence.
This century has witnessed a robust renaissance of African literature, thanks in large part to Caine Prize. This rebirth boasts of such fine writers like Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Chris Abani, Sefi Atta, Brian Chikwava, Chika Unigwe, and of course Petina Gappah. Reading their works, one discerns their allegiance to what could be termed, for lack of available terms, the Achebean and Soyinkan schools of thought.
The Achebean school functions much like Negritude, and sees its role as primarily redefining the African. It does this among other things, by challenging the West’s ‘single story’. The Soyinkan, however, is of course different from the first in the sense that it appears to ignore the gaze of the white man, and explores the human condition as it is found in the African towns and villages. It does not even shy away from employing Western concepts and idioms to elucidate African native ideas. Doing so, simply telling normal stories of normal people, is understood as engaging in a deeply universal exercise.
Among the new crop of African writers, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie unapologetically positions herself as the torchbearer of Achebean tradition. This is evident in her writings and speeches, the most renowned of which is ‘The Danger of a Single Story.’ Chris Abani and Sefi Atta appear, at least, temperamentally to have sided with Soyinka, caring little about the burden of meeting the gaze of the white man. I put Gappah in this group. I don’t know her in person, but based on what I could glean from some of her writings, formal and informal, she seems to be completely opposed to the tradition of addressing the white man’s single story. She said somewhere that she is rigorously against Negritude, quoting Soyinka’s well-known critique of Negritude.
When Petina Gappah says that she doesn’t see herself as an African writer, I think it is important to note that she never denied being African, or black. Nor does she contest her being Zimbabwean. She, I think, avoids being holed in a given, transcendental role of saving the African, by telling his or her story.
Until it becomes obvious that African literature pursues no cause, many more African writers with broader cast of mind will always deny being African writers. Perhaps one day the term ‘African writer’ will lose its Achebean stamp when it becomes obvious that writings from that continent will be read also for their aesthetic wealth and not for their apology. The day has actually arrived, and reading Petina Gappah’s short stories, you feel as aesthetically fulfilled and as morally confronted as you would be. Hopefully, her little controversy goes a long way to instruct interviewers and commentators of African literature that the question of who is an African writer is as redundant as the medieval problem of wanting to know how many angels can dance on the head of a pin, or, to use a better example, setting up a symposium to determine whether Ian McEwan is European.
BROUGHT TO YOU BY PAMBAZUKA NEWS
* Chielo Zona Eze is a Nigerian writer and philosopher. He teaches English and post-colonial literature at Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago. He is the author of The Trial of Robert Mugabe.
* Please send comments to editor@pambazuka.org or comment online at Pambazuka News.
First, let me note: “We must cease assuming that every dark-skinned person is African. It’s high time we started debating what it means to be African.” That said, identity crisis isn’t restricted to persons only; nations too have to face this thorny issue – sometime in their history.
Then:
There’s indeed nothing wrong with the slogan “African writer”. Common sense tells any level-headed person that Africans are simply identity- passionate. You find it in everything we do; arts and otherwise. So should we abandon that “unique trait/virtue” for what a few of us who’s become unclear about “who we originally are” following what they have been fed while overseas think? Staunchly no.
Petina Gappah must have her reasons for her stance though, but I couldn’t be surprised knowing that she, (like most Western-based African writers) doesn’t necessarily write for Africans, regardless of their various claims. More Westerners read her work than Africans. The West pays her too, and so why must we wrestle in an attempt to claim her? Needless reminding a Black person where he or she belongs: institutionalized racism is always there to haunt and caution every “bought and sold” out there.
Smart big awards and prize money, wrote Benjamin Zephaniah, is killing off black poetry. It's not censors or dictators that are cutting up our art. The lure of meeting royalty and touching high society is damping creativity and eating at our heart. He continued: “The ancestors would turn in graves. Those poor black folk that once were slaves would wonder how our souls were sold, and check our strategies. The empire strikes back and waves. Tamed warriors bow on parades. When they have done what they've been told, they get their OBE's. Don't take my word, go check the verse, ‘cause every laureate gets worse. A family that you cannot fault as muse will mess your mind. And yeah, you may fatten your purse. And surely they will check you first when subjects need to be amused with paid for prose and rhymes.” Take your prize, he agreed, now write more, faster, fuck the truth. Now you're an actor do not fault your benefactor. Write, publish and review. You look like a dreadlocks Rasta. You look like a ghetto blaster. But you can't diss your paymaster, and bite the hand that feeds you. What happened to the verse of fire, ‘cursing cool the empire. What happened to the soul rebel that Marley had in mind. This bloodstained, stolen empire rewards you and you conspire. (Yes Marley said that time will tell) Now look they've gone and joined. We keep getting this beating. It's bad history repeating. It reminds me of those capitalists that say 'Look you have a choice,' it's sick and self-defeating if our dispossessed keep weeping, and we give these awards meaning. But we end up with no voice.
Aloysius-Gonzaga
Well, someone should tell Gappah to re-read Soyinka. I have come to know that the easiest way for a new African writer to garner attention is to proclaim that he or she is not an African writer. Ride on Petina, you are in good company. A writer does not choose her country; critics give her one.
Ade Omoobajeesu