The horrors of land acquisition are experienced by mining-affected communities in a similar manner to - or perhaps more severely than by - communities affected by dams and other big projects. When mining leases are given, the immediate threat to local communities is displacement and land alienation, which are inevitable features of large-scale mining. Mining has multiplied the exploitation and degradation of women's rights. Historically and also in the existing legal framework in most developing countries, women have few if any legal rights over lands or natural resources.