The Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights has adopted 21 resolutions and decisions on the question of the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including policies of racial discrimination and segregation in all countries; economic, social and cultural rights; and on the prevention of discrimination. Under the question of the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all countries, the Sub-Commission recalled that all forms of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment constituted violations of the peremptory norms of international law; and recommended that all States develop independent and effective domestic mechanisms as well as concrete measures to combat torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.