GREENPEACE
ANNOTATIONS ON AND PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
TO THE CHAIRMAN´S TEXT FOR NEGOTIATION
AT WSSD PREPCOM 4, BALI, INDONESIA
24 MAY-7 JUNE 2002
www.greenpeace.org/earthsummit
“The General Assembly further decides that the review should focus on the identification of accomplishments
and areas where futher efforts are needed to implement Agenda 21 and the other results of the Conference, and
on action-oriented decisions in those areas, should address, within the framework of Agenda 21, new challenges
and opportunities, and should result in renewed political commitment and support for sustainable development.”
Article 3 of UNGA Resolution A/RES/55/199 of 20 December 2000, “Ten-Year Review of Progress achieved in
the Implementation of the Outcome of the UN Conference on Environment and Development”
Introduction:
Pursuant to a thorough review of the proposed Chairman´s Text for Negotiation at
Prepcom 4, available at:
http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/prepcom4docs/chairmanst...
Greenpeace International would like to proposed a number of constructive
amendments and comments inserted directly in the text, below.
Like many other NGOs, Greenpeace has been disappointed by the Chairman´s
text. We find that the proposal represents already – before negotiations have
even started in earnest – the lowest common denominator. It lacks ambition, it
lacks vision, targets and time-tables.
Furthermore, with its emphasis on partnerships and private sector voluntary
agreements the Chairman´s text proposes that governments in effect abdicate
their own responsibilities. The mission of the United Nations is to bring
governments and nations together for the common good. The proposal to
abandon this mission, and to unite corporations instead is not in keeping with the
mandate that was given to the Preparatory Committee and the WSSD by the UN
General Assembly on 20 December 2000 when the UNGA adopted Resolution
A/RES/55/199.
2
With the late arrival of the Chairman´s Text for Negotiations, one month after
Prepcom 3, and just two weeks before Prepcom 4, some commentators have
spoken of a slow birth. But it could also announce the slow death of the
Johannesburg Earth Summit.
With the Bali meeting now on the horizon, Governments only have a few days to
save the historic opportunity of the Johannesburg Summit. A few days to avoid
an historic failure.
In preparing our amendments and annotations, we have chosen to be
constructive by respecting the architecture proposed by the Chairman, though
we agree with those who have expressed the view that this architecture is not
necessarily the best.
Greenpeace will be present in Bali with a delegation from six continents. We look
forward to seeing you, and working with you during the meeting.
We shall also be present in Johannesburg at the Earth Summit, and we hope that
we will celebrate there with you a step in the right direction. This will largely
depend on what happens in Bali, because after Prepcom 4, it will be too late.
We would like to draw your attention in particular to our proposals leading to a
massive uptake of renewable energy, combining the goals of poverty alleviation
with environmental protection and action to combat climate change. The GEF
Consultation on Energy held in New York in January 2002, and the G8 Task Force
on Renewable Energy of 2001, both provided detailed and compelling arguments
in favour of this proposal. 1 A failure to adopt these proposals would be
incomprehensible.
1 See Clean “Energy for Sustainable Development”, a joint proposal by Greenpeace International and the
WWF, at www.greenpeace.org/earthsummit/docs/cleanergy.pdf.
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9 May 2002
Advance Unedited Text
Commission on Sustainable Development
Acting as the Preparatory Committee for the
World Summit for Sustainable Development
Fourth Session
Chairman’s Text for Negotiation
I. Introduction
1. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in
1992, provided the fundamental principles and the programme of action for achieving
sustainable development. We strongly reaffirm our commitment to the Rio principles, the full
implementation of Agenda 21, and the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21,
the Rio Conventions and their protocols thereafter adopted. We also commit ourselves to
achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including those contained in the United
Nations Millennium Declaration and the outcomes of the major UN Conferences and
international agreements since 1992.
2. This plan of implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development will further
build on the achievements made since Rio and expedite the realization of the remaining goals. To
this end, we commit ourselves to undertake concrete actions and measures at all levels, bearing
in mind the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. These efforts will also
promote the integration of the three components of sustainable development: economic growth,
social development and environmental protection, as mutually reinforcing pillars. Poverty
eradication and changing unsustainable patterns of production, and consumption and waste
management are overarching objectives of sustainable development and an essential requirement
for promoting environmental protection.
3. We recognize that the implementation of the outcomes of WSSD should benefit all people,
particularly women, youth and vulnerable groups as well as the environment. Furthermore, the
implementation should involve all relevant actors through partnerships, especially between
governments of the North and South on the one hand, and between governments and major
groups on the other, to achieve the widely shared goals of sustainable development. Such
partnerships are key to pursuing sustainable development in a globalizing world.
4. Good governance within each country and at the international level is essential for
sustainable development. At the domestic level, sound environmental, social and economic
policies, democratic institutions responsive to the needs of the people, rule of law, anticorruption
measures, gender equity and enabling environment for investment are the basis for
sustainable development. As a result of globalization, it has become even more difficult and
external factorshave become critical to in determineing the success or failure of developing all
countries in their national efforts. The gap between industrialised developed and developing
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countries points to the continued need for a dynamic and enabling international economic
environment supportive of international cooperation, particularly in the field of finance,
technology transfer, debt and trade, full and effective participation of developing countries in
global decision-making, if the momentum for global progress towards sustainable development
is to be maintained and increased.
5. Peace, security, and stability are essential for achieving sustainable development and
ensuring that sustainable development benefits all.
II. Poverty eradication
6. Eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenge facing the world today and an
indispensable requirement for sustainable development, particularly for developing countries.
The reverse is also true: poverty will never be eradicated except through sustainable
development. If we continue to consume the earth’s resources to the same degree as people in
industrialised countries currently do, impoverishment will continue to grow. While each country
has primary responsibility for its own sustainable development and poverty eradication,
concerted and concrete measures are required to achieve the internationally agreed povertyrelated
targets, including the Millennium Development Goals. Actions at the international,
regional and national levels are required to accomplish these targets.
Achievinge the Millennium Declaration poverty-related goals, including the reduction by half,
by 2015, of the proportion of people whose income is below $1 per day, the number of people
suffering from hunger, and the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water . This
would include a range of international, regional and national actions. Supplying energy to those
people without access to clean and affordable modern sources of energy should be added to these
goals. Action should be taken to:
7.
(a) Establish a World Solidarity Fund for Poverty Eradication and the Promotion of Human
Development in the poorest regions of the World, pursuant to modalities to be determined
by the General Assembly;
(b) Develop national programmes for sustainable development and community
development to promote the empowerment of people living in poverty and their
organizations. These programmes should reflect their priorities, and enable them to increase
access to productive resources, public services and institutions, in particular land, water,
energy, employment opportunities, credit, education, and health;
(c) Promote women’s participation in decision making at all levels, mainstreaming gender
perspectives in all policies and strategies, eliminating all forms of violence and
discrimination against women, and improving the status, health and economic welfare of
women and girls through full and equal access to economic opportunity, credit, education,
health care and services;
(d) Deliver basic health services for all and reduce environmental health threats, taking into
account the linkages between poverty, health and environment, with provision of financial
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resources, technical assistance and knowledge transfer to developing countries and countries
with economies in transition;
(e) Ensure children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be are able to complete a full
course of primary schooling and they will have equal access to all levels of education;
(f) Provide access to other agricultural resources, for people living in poverty, especially
women, and promote, as appropriate, land tenure arrangements that recognize and protect
indigenous and common property resource rights and management systems;
(g) Build basic rural infrastructure, diversify the economy, improve access to markets and
to credit for the rural poor to support sustainable agriculture and rural development;
(h) Transfer of basic sustainable agricultural techniques and knowledge, including natural
resource management, to small and medium-scale farmers, fishers and the rural poor,
including through multi-stakeholder approaches and public-private partnerships aimed at
increasing agriculture production, and food security and food sovereignty;
(i) Increase food availability and affordability, including through harvest and food
technology and management, as well as equitable and efficient distribution systems and the
recognition of the property rights of indigenous and local communities, by promoting for
example, community-based partnerships linking urban and rural people and enterprises;
(j) Combat desertification, drought and floods through improved land management,
agricultural practices and ecosystem conservation, in order to reverse current trends of
degradation of land and water resources, including through the provision of adequate and
predictable financial resources to implement the UNCCD as one of the prime tools for
poverty eradication, and the full implementation of the UNFCCC as one of the prime
preventative tools.
8. Launch an action programme, with financial and technical assistance from industrialised
developed countries, to halve by 2015 the proportion of people lacking access to improved
sanitation, through the development and implementation of efficient sanitation systems and
infrastructure for managing human excreta and domestic wastewater while safeguarding human
health and water resources. This would include international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Utilize financial instruments and mechanisms to provide financial resources to developing
countries to meet their capacity needs and strengthen national institutions in the management of
human excreta and domestic wastewater;
(b) Strengthen and, where appropriate, establish policies on the management of domestic excreta
and wastewater for rural and urban development, including, as appropriate, regulatory systems to
promote access to appropriate sanitation systems in rural, semi-urban and urban areas;
(c ) Enhance international and regional cooperation to improve access to appropriate sanitation
systems as an integral part of poverty reduction programmes.
9.
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Launch an action programme to enhance energy security and equitable access to reduce by half
the number of people who currently lack access to modern, safe and clean energy services
sources to all people within the next decade. This would include international, regional and
national actions to:
(a) Utilize financial instruments and mechanisms, to provide financial resources to
developing countries, to meet their capacity needs and strengthen national institutions in
energy, to ensure access to sustainable, including promoting energy efficiency, advanced
fossil fuel technologies and renewable and affordable energy sources of energy to the 2
billion of the poorest people who currently do not have access to basic, modern energy
services, within ten years;
(b) Improve access to energy services in rural and semi-urban areas through rural
electrification and decentralized renewable energy systems, by intensifying regional and
international cooperation in support of national efforts;
(c) Develop regional plans of action to facilitate cross-border energy trade, including the
interconnection of electricity grids and oil and natural gas pipeline;
(d) Develop and utilize locally available and indigenous energy sources and infrastructures
for various local uses, where considered more environmentally sound, socially acceptable
and cost-effective, with increasing use of renewable energy resources, including through
community-based development methods, with the support of the international community, to
meet the local daily energy needs and to find simple and local solutions;
(e) Improve access to modern, high-efficiency biomass technologies and fuel wood sources
and supplies, and commercialise biomass operations, including the use of agricultural
residues, where such practices are sustainable and compatible with the aim of halting
biodiversity loss by 2010 as agreed by the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
(the Hague Declaration);
(f) Strengthen and, where appropriate, establish policies on energy for rural development,
including, as appropriate, regulatory systems to promote access to renewable energy in rural
and semi-urban areas;
(g) Enhance international and regional cooperation to improve access to renewable energy
services, as an integral part of poverty reduction programmes.
10. Strengthen the contribution of industrial development to poverty eradication and sustainable
natural resource management. This would include international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Provide assistance to enhance industrial productivity and competitiveness as well as
sustainable industrial development in developing countries;
(b) Promote the development of micro, small and medium size enterprises, with a special
focus on agro-industry as a provider of livelihoods, food and energy for rural communities;
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(c) Provide financial and technological support to rural communities of developing
countries to enable them to benefit from small-scale mining ventures; and
(d) Provide support to developing countries for the development of low-cost clean
technologies that provide and conserve fuel energy for cooking and water heating.
11. Achieve the Millennium Declaration goal of improving the lives of at least 100 million
slum dwellers by 2020. This would include international and national actions to:
(a) Improve access to adequate shelter and basic social services for the rural and urban
poor, with special attention to female heads of household;
(b) Use low-cost and sustainable materials and appropriate technologies for the
construction of adequate housing and sanitation systems and services for the poor, with
financial and technological assistance to developing countries, taking into account their
culture, climate and specific social conditions;
(c) Increase employment, credit and income for the urban poor;
(d) Remove unnecessary regulatory and other obstacles for micro-enterprises and the
informal sector;
(e) Give priority to affordable, clean and renewable sources of energy for domestic uses.
III. Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production
12. Fundamental changes in the way societies produce and consume are indispensable for
achieving global sustainable development. All countries should strive to promote sustainable
consumption and production patterns, with the industrialised developed countries taking the lead,
and with all countries benefiting from the process, based on the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities. Governments, relevant international organisations, the private
sector and all major groups should play a critical role in striving to change eliminate
unsustainable consumption and production patterns. This would require urgent action at the
international, regional and national levels to:
13. Develop a ten-year work programme for improving resource efficiency in order to promote
social and economic development within the carrying capacity of ecosystems, while reducing
resource degradation. The work programme should also include indicators for measuring
progress, using environmental impact assessment procedures, and bearing in mind that standards
applied by some countries may be inappropriate for others and of unwarranted economic and
social cost to other countries, in particular developing countries. This would include
international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Adopt and implement policies and measures aimed at promoting sustainable patterns of
production and consumption, applying the polluter/user-pays principle, with due regard to
the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment;
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(b) Develop clean production policies using, among other tools, a life-cycle approach to
improve the services provided while reducing environmental and health impacts;
(c) Develop awareness raising programmes on the importance of sustainable production
and consumption patterns, particularly among the richer segments in all countries, especially
in developed industrialised countries, through education, public and consumer information,
advertising and other media, taking into account local, national and regional cultural values;
(d) Develop voluntary, transparent, verifiable, and non-misleading and non-discriminatory
consumer information tools, such as eco-labeling, to provide information relating to
sustainable production and consumption;
(e) Regulate and control the advertisement sector, one of the main motors of unsustainable
consumption patterns.
14. Increase investment in cleaner production and eco-efficiency in all countries through
incentives and support schemes. This would include international, regional and national actions
to:
(a) Develop a concrete action plan to increase energy and resource efficiency, with
developed industrialised countries taking the lead, and with financial support and transfer of
technology to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, in
cooperation with relevant international organizations;
(b) Establish and support cleaner production programmes and centres, relevant and
additional Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) and more efficient production
methods by providing incentive, capacity building to assist enterprises specially small and
medium enterprises in developing countries to improve productivity and sustainable
development sustainability;
(c) Provide incentives for investment in cleaner production and eco-efficiency in all
countries such as state-financed loans, environmental tax reform giving incentives to clean
production techniques and using the proceeds for further investments in clean production,
venture capital, technical assistance, and training programmes for small and medium-sized
companies, and public procurement policies while avoiding trade-distorting measures
inconsistent with WTO rules;
(d) Collect and disseminate information on cost-effective examples in cleaner production,
eco-efficiency, and environmental management, and waste avoidance, and promote the
exchange of best practices and know-how on environmentally sound technologies between
public and private institutions;
(e) Provide training programmes to small and medium-sized enterprises on the use of
information and communication technologies.
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15.
15.Enhance Secure corporate, environmental and social responsibility and accountability. This
would includes international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Encourage industry to improve social and environmental performance through
voluntary initiatives, including environmental management systems, the incorporation of
effective accountability and liability provisions for environmental damage into existing
Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs), and convening by 2005 at the latest an
intergovernmental conference to adopt an instrument on corporate accountability and
liability for environmental damage. cCodes of conduct, independent certification, and
public reporting and consultation on environmental and social issues, taking into account
such initiatives as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and the
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines on sustainability reporting, bearing in mind
Principle 11, 13 and 14 of the Rio Declaration, cannot be a substitute for legal instruments,
and should endeavour to support the implementation of such legal instruments;
(b) Encourage dialogue, consultation and transparency between enterprises and the
communities in which they operate and other stakeholders;
(c) Encourage Remind financial and trade institutions of their obligation to incorporate
sustainability considerations into their decision-making processes, and direct Export Credit
Agencies, Multilateral Development Banks, including the World Bank, and other lending
institutions to give priority to clean production and waste prevention programmes and to end
funding for environmentally unsound forms of waste disposal, particularly incinerators
whose operations undermine the objectives of the Stockholm Convention on POPs;
(d) Develop workplace-based partnerships and programmes, including training and
education programmes.
16. Provide training for relevant authorities at all levels to take sustainability considerations into
account in decision-making, including on national investment in infrastructure, business
development and public procurement. Further actions at international, regional and national
levels are required to:
(a) Use economic instruments and market incentives, such as policies to internalise external
costs where appropriate, while seeking to avoid potential negative effects for market access,
especially for developing countries;
(b) Reduce and eliminate environmentally harmful and trade-distorting subsidies that
inhibit sustainable consumption and production patterns particularly in developed
industrialised countries;
(c) Promote public procurement policies that encourage secure use, development and
diffusion of environmentally sound goods and services.
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17. Promote the implementation of the recommendations and conclusions of the ninth session of
the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD-9) on energy for sustainable development
relevant to the respective domestic situations, bearing in mind the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities, and taking into account that clean, sustainable energy – from an
environmental, economic and social point of view - is central to achieving the goals of
sustainable development; actions at the International, regional, and national levels are required to
ensure that all energy development is clean and sustainable, and to
(a) Provide the appropriate means, namely adequate and predictable new and additional
financial resources in accordance with chapter 33 of Agenda 21 and paragraphs 76 to 87
of the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, as well as the transfer of
environmentally sound technologies and capacity-building, in order to ensure such
implementation by developing countries;
(b) Integrate energy efficiency considerations, greenhouse gas reduction and elimination
and waste avoidance into socio-economic programmes, especially into policies of major
energy-consuming sectors, such as the public, transport, industry, agriculture, urban planning
and construction sectors;
(c) Develop and disseminate renewable energy and advanced fossil fuel technologies
technologies with the aim of increasing their share in energy production and consumption for
both domestic and industrial uses in OECD countries to 20 % within ten years, and to 5%
within the same time frame in all other countries;
(d) Diversify the energy supply mix by combining, as appropriate, increased use of
renewable energy sources, more efficient use of energy efficiency, greater reliance on
advanced energy technologies including advanced and cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and
sustainable use of traditional energy resources, to meet the growing needs for energy services
in the longer term to achieve sustainable development, as well as promote the development
of technologies for improving control of the distribution system and encourage further
development and implementation of national and international goals to that end combat
climate change and eliminate dependency from fossil and nuclear fuels;
(e) Support the transition to the use of renewable energy by phasing out subsidies to
conventional energy sources within 10 years, with a transition plan and flexible time frames
to avoid undue hardship on developing country economies overly reliant upon conventional
energy sources and exportsliquid and gaseous fossil fuels, where considered more
environmentally sound, socially acceptable and cost-effective;;
(f) Redirect the annual 250 to 300 billion US$ from these conventional energy subsidies to
subsidising energy access for poor people rather than subsidising energy corporations.
“Smart”, i.e. timebound and targeted subsidies should be designed and implemented to grow
renewable energy industries and markets;
(f)(g) Establish domestic programmes for energy efficiency, including, as appropriate, by
accelerating the deployment of energy efficiency technologies, with the necessary support of
the international community, by excluding the nuclear and fossil fuel sectors from any
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funding by national Export Credit Agencies (ECAs), Multilateral Development Banks and
other government-controlled lending institutions using taxpayer money, beginning with an
immediate target of 20 % of ECA guarantees for renewable energy, with a phase out of
support to conventional energy sources (including nuclear) within five years;
(h) Donor governments require all International Financial Institutions they support to
commit to an immediate target of 20 % energy sector lending for renewable sources, and a
phase out of support to conventional (including nuclear) energy sources within 5 years;
(g)(i) Integrate, as appropriate, energy efficiency considerations into the planning,
operation and maintenance of long-lived energy consuming infrastructures, notably transport,
urban land use, industry, agriculture and tourism;
(h)(j) Accelerate the development, diffusion and deployment of affordable and cleaner and
renewable energy, efficiency and energy conservation technologies as well as the transfer of
such technologies, in particular to developing countries, on favourable terms, including on
concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed;
(i)(k) Strengthen national and regional research and development institutions/centres on
energy for sustainable development, including renewable energy technologies, energy
efficiency, advanced energy technologies including advanced fossil fuel technologies, and
sustainable use of traditional traditional energy resources;
(j)(l) Promote education to provide information for both men and women about available
renewable energy sources and technologies;
(k)(m) Support efforts to improve the functioning of energy markets with respect to both
supply and demand, with the aim of achieving greater stability and predictability and to
ensure consumer access to clean energy services;
(l)(n) Promote policies to reduce market distortions in order to achieve energy systems
compatible with sustainable development through the use of improved market signals and by
removing market distortions, including restructuring taxation and phasing out within 10 years
of harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, with such
policies taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries,
with the aim of minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development;
(m)(o) Encourage Governments to improve the functioning of national energy markets in
such a way that they support sustainable development, overcome market barriers and
improve accessibility to renewable energy, taking fully into account that such policies should
be decided by each country´s, and that its own characteristics and capabilities and level of
development should be considered, especially as reflected in national sustainable
development strategies, where they exist;
(n)(p) Organise an intergovernmental conference on energy security to be held at the latest
in 2004 to sStrengthen national and regional international energy institutions or arrangements
through the establishment of a new UN International Energy Agency to promote energy
security, for enhancing regional and international cooperation on on renewable energy for
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sustainable development and energy efficiency, and in particular to assist developing
countries in their domestic efforts to provide modern energy services to all sections of their
populations;
(o)Strengthen and facilitate, as appropriate, regional cooperation arrangements for promoting
cross-border energy trade, including the interconnection of electricity grids and oil and
natural gas pipelines;
(p)(q) Strengthen and, where appropriate, facilitate dialogue forums among regional,
national and international producers and consumers of energy;
(q)(r) Enhance international cooperation in order to assist countries, in particular
developing countries, in their efforts to achieve renewable energy for sustainable
development;
(r)(s) Promote networking between centres of excellence on renewable energy for
sustainable development, including regional networks, by linking competent centres on
renewable energy technologies for sustainable development that could support and promote
efforts at capacity-building and technology transfer activities, as well as serve as information
clearing houses;
(s)(t) Promote international public-private partnership cooperation programmes for
promoting affordable, energy efficient and advanced fossil fuel and renewable energy
technologies.
******
18. Promote an integrated approach to policy making at national and regional levels for
transport services and systems to promote sustainable development, including policies and
planning for land use, infrastructure, public transport systems and goods delivery networks, with
a view to providing efficient transportation, reducing energy consumption and pollution,
reducing congestion, limiting urban sprawl, and promoting long-term sustainable development,
taking into account national priorities and circumstances. Actions at the International, regional,
and national levels are required to:
(a) Implement transport strategies for sustainable development, reflecting specific regional,
national and local conditions, so as to improve the affordability, efficiency and convenience
of transportation, as well as improving urban air quality and public health, and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by developed countries,
(b) Promote investment and partnerships for the development of sustainable multi-modal
public mass transportation systems, and better transportation systems in rural areas, with
technical and financial assistance for developing countries and countries with economies in
transition;
(c) Implement transport strategies that reflect specific national and local condition so as to
improve the efficiency and convenience of transportation and that improve urban air quality
and pubic health;
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******
19. Prevent and minimize waste generation and to maximize re-use and recycling, with
participation of Government, and all stakeholders, in order to improve resource-efficiency, with
assistance for developing countries. This would includes international, regional and national
actions to:
(a) Develop and implement mandatory producers´ “take-back” laws for packaging and
post-consumer goods;
(a)(b) Develop waste management systems and disposal facilities, including technology to
recapture the energy in the waste, and encourage small-scale waste recycling initiatives that
support urban and rural waste management and provide income-generating opportunities,
with international support to developing countries;
(b)(c) Promote waste prevention by encouraging production of reusable consumer goods
and biodegradable products.
******
20. Renew the commitment to sound management of chemicals throughout their life cycle for
sustainable development for the protection of human health and the environment. This would
includes international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Promote the ratification and implementation of relevant international instruments on
chemicals and wastes;
(b) Further develop a strategic approach to international chemicals management based on
the Bahia Declaration and Priorities for Action Beyond 2000 of the Intergovernmental Forum
on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and urge the active engagement of relevant International
Agencies and other relevant actors in this regard;
(c) Encourage countries to ban the production, use and release into the environment of new
hazardous substances (new substances that are toxic or persistent and bio-accumulative or
otherwise give rise to similar concerns, e.g. known or suspected endocrine disrupting
chemicals) and to implement the new globally harmonized system (GHS) for the
classification and labeling of chemicals as soon as possible;
(d) Encourage partnerships to promote activities aimed at enhancing environmentally sound
management of chemicals, implementing multilateral environmental agreements, raising
awareness of issues relating to chemicals and hazardous waste, and encouraging the
collection and use of additional scientific data;
(e) Promote efforts to prevent damage resulting from the transboundary movement and
disposal of hazardous wastes, including illegal trafficking, in a manner consistent with
obligations under relevant international instruments, and to promote the ratification by 2003
at the latest of the amendment to the Basel Convention that prohibits the export of hazardous
wastes from OECD to non-OECD countries;
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(f) Support developing countries in strengthening their capacity for the sound management
of chemicals by providing technical and financial assistance, and call on producing
companies to accept liability and to assist developing countries in the removal and
environmentally sound destruction of the stockpiles of 500,000 tons of obsolete pesticides
(FAO data) endangering human health (drinking water and soild) and the environment and
hampering rural development;
(g) Encourage development of coherent and integrated information on chemicals, such as
through national Pollutant Release and Transfer Registries;
(h) Promote and implement the further reduction of risks posed by the use, discharge and
emission of heavy metals and convene in 2003 a conference to consider the possibility of
addressing heavy metals in an new international instrument.
IV. Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social
development
21. Human activities are having an increasing impact on the integrity of ecosystems that provide
essential resources and services for human well being and economic activities. Managing the
natural resources base in a sustainable and integrated manner is essential for sustainable
development. In this regard, it is necessary to implement strategies to protect all ecosystems and
to achieve integrated management of land, water and living resources, while strengthening
regional, national and local capacities.
22. To aAchieve the UN Millennium Declaration goal to halve, by the year 2015, the proportion
of people who are unable to reach or afford safe drinking water. This would requires
international, regional and national efforts to:
(a) Mobilize international and domestic financial resources at all levels and transfer of
sustainable technology and capacity-building for water and sanitation infrastructure and
services development in time for the Third World Water Forum of March 2003, ensuring that
such infrastructure and services meet the needs of the poor and the environment, and are
gender-sensitive and avoid degradation of water resources;
(b) Convene by 2005 at the latest an intergovernmental conference to establish a new UN
body for oversight of fresh water issues, better integration and co-ordination to Ffacilitate
access to public information and participation at all levels in support of policy and decisionmaking
related to water resources protection and distribution, management and
environmentally sound project implementation as well as empower women, and undertake a
public review of the performance of privatised water distribution systems;
(c) Renew commitments by Governments and other stakeholders to priority action in water
governance and capacity building at all levels, and provide new and additional financial
resources and innovative technologies to implement Chapter 18 of Agenda 21;
(d) Intensify water pollution prevention to reduce health hazards and protect ecosystems by
introducing technologies for water conservation including affordable, effective sanitation, the
separation of industrial waste water from domestic waste watertreatment , the
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implementation of the polluter/user-pays-principle in a fair and equitable way including
corporate liability for damage to water and water tables and reservoirs, monitoring and
effective legal frameworks;
(e) Adopt prevention and protection measures against water shortages and water pollution,
including the phasing out within ten years of unsustainable subsidies involving water usage
especially in the agriculture and tourism sectors, the elimination of the discharge of polluting
substances, and promote low- and no-water wastewater treatment technologies, including
ecological sanitation.
23. Support developing countries in developing integrated water resources management and
water efficiency plans by 2005, through actions to:
(a) Develop and implement national/regional strategies, plans and programmes with regard
to integrated river basin, watershed and groundwater management as well as introduce
measures to improve the efficiency of water infrastructure to reduce losses and increase
recycling of water;
(b) Employ the full range of policy instruments, including regulation, monitoring, voluntary
measures, market and information-based tools, land-use management and cost recovery of
water services, and adopt an integrated water basin approach;
(c) Improve the efficient use of water resources and promote its allocation among
competitive uses in a way that balances the requirement of preserving or restoring
ecological integrity, in particular in fragile environments, with human domestic, industrial
and agriculture needs, including safeguarding drinking water quality and public access to it;
(d) Develop programmes for mitigation of the effects the prevention of extreme waterrelated
events and the mitigation of their effects;
(e) Provide technical and financial support for the diffusion of technology and capacity
building for non-conventional water resources and conservation technologies, to
developing countries and regions facing water scarcity conditions or subject to drought
and desertification.
(f) Facilitate the establishment of public-private partnerships by providing stable and
transparent regulatory frameworks, involving all concerned stakeholders, and monitoring
the performance, transparency and improving accountability of public institutions and
private companies.
24. Support developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their efforts to
monitor and assess the quantity and quality of water resources, including through the
establishment of national monitoring networks and water resources databases and the
development of relevant national indicators. Improve water resource management and
scientific understanding of the water cycle through cooperation in joint observation and
research on a global scale and encourage, and promote capacity building and the transfer of
technology, including remote-sensing and satellite technologies, for this purpose.
16
25. Support and enhance regional, sub-regional, and bilateral cooperation initiatives undertaken
by States on international watercourses according to international law, where applicable, and
bilateral and regional and international agreements, where existing, and achieve cooperation
among all the riparian States to ensure the effective development, management, protection and
use ofr water resources, taking into account the interests of all riparian States concerned;
26. Promote closer coordination among the various international and intergovernmental bodies
working on water-related issues, both within the UN system and between the UN, international
financial institutions, benefiting from the contributions of civil society to inform the decision
making and to support, elaborate proposals and undertake activities on the activities leading to
the International Year of Freshwater 2003 and beyond.
******
27. Oceans, seas and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the earth’s
ecosystem and are critical sources of food for many people, particularly in developing countries.
They also provide vital resources for the sustainable development of industries such as fisheries,
aquaculture and tourism. For many of the world’s fishing areas, however, fish stocks have been
fully or over exploited due to growing pressures from over-fishing and environmental
degradation. This would requires international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Ratify or accede to and fully implement the United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS), which provides the overall legal framework for ocean activities;
(b) Promote and expedite the implementation of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 that provides the
elements of a programme of action for achieving sustainable development of oceans and
seas;
(c) Promote effective coordination and cooperation on oceans issues, including at the
global and regional levels between relevant bodies and establish an effective, transparent
and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues within the
United Nations system, and an intergovernmental conference hosted by the UN General
Assembly to agree the terms of an international agreement for the protection of marine
biodiversity on the high seas;
(d) Strengthen regional cooperation and coordination between the relevant regional
organisations and programmes, the UNEP regional seas programmes, fisheries management
organisations and other regional science, health and development organisation, including the
elaboration by the IMO, FAO and other relevant bodies of a definition of the ”genuine link”
to ensure that a Flag State can and effectively does discharge its duty to ensure that vessels
flying its flag abide by all relevant conservation and management rules established by
Regional Fisheries Management Organisations and other relevant bodies;
(e) Assist developing countries to coordinate policies and programmes at the regional and
sub-regional levels aimed at conserving and managing fishery resources and implementing
integrated coastal area management (ICAM) plans, including through the promotion of
sustainable coastal and traditional fishing activities and, where appropriate, for the
construction of fishing villages as well as unloading points along the coast.
17
28.
Reverse the decline in depleted fish stocks and maintain or restore populations to levels that can
produce the optimum sustainable yield through actions at the international, regional and national
levels to:
(a) Ratify or accede to and effectively implement the relevant United Nations and, where
appropriate, associated regional fisheries agreements or arrangements including the 1995
UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, taking
into account the special requirements of developing countries;
(b) Develop and implement on an urgent basis, national and, where appropriate, regional
plans of action, to cut the world´s industrial fishing fleet capacity by at least 50 % by 2010,
and put into effect with no further delay the FAO International Plans of Action to Prevent,
Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing by 2010 and
implement additional measures to prevent, deter and eliminate IUU fishing, as a means of
addressing over-capacity of fishing, including through effective monitoring, compliance and
enforcement, and control, including by flag States;
(c) Adopt a moratorium on fishing on seamounts, deep-sea ridges, plateaus and other areas
of high biodiversity on the high seas;
(d) Prevent and prohibit permanently the release of genetically modified fish and other
genetically modified marine organisms in their light of the irreversible and uncontrollable
impacts on marine life and ecosystems;
(c)(e) Eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and
over-capacity, and the destruction of sensitive marine ecosystems, while completing the
efforts undertaken at the WTO to clarify and improve its disciplines on fisheries subsidies,
taking into account the importance of this sector to developing countries, and agreeing that
the WTO must not interfere with efforts by regional and other fisheries management bodies
to impose trade restrictions to enhance compliance with multilaterally agreed conservation
measures;
(d)(f) Strengthen donor coordination and partnerships between international financial
institutions, bilateral agencies and other relevant stakeholders, to enable developing
countries, in particular the least developed countries and small island developing states and
countries with economies in transition to develop their national, regional and sub-regional
capacities for infrastructure and integrated management and sustainable use of fisheries, and
to direct Export Credit Agencies, Multilateral Development Banks, including the World
Bank, and other lending institutions to give support to traditional fisherfolks and local and
indigenous communities and economies.
29. Promote the conservation and sustainable management of marine living resources through
actions at the international, regional and national levels to:
(a) Implement a moratorium on the destruction of mangrove and other ecologically
sensitive areas for the establishment of shrimp farms in tropical and subtropical areas in
18
order to -Mmaintain the productivity and biodiversity of important and vulnerable marine
and coastal areas, and to agree additional action to protect including in areas beyond
national jurisdiction, such as a moratorium on seamounts, deep-sea ridges, plateaus and
other areas of high biodiversity on the high seas;
(b) Implement the work programme arising from the Jakarta Mandate on the Conservation
and Sustainable Use of Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, including through the urgent mobilisation of financial resources and
technological assistance and development of human and institutional capacity, particularly
in developing countries;
(c) Develop and facilitate the use of diverse approaches for the conservation and
sustainable management of marine living resources, including the elimination of destructive
fishing practices, establishment of marine protected areas and a representative networks of
effectively managed ecologically representative Marine Protected Areas covering at least 20
% of the world´s oceans by the year 2020, proper land use planning, the promotion of
independent certification mechanisms to ensure that fisheries and aquaculture resources for
the international markets result from sustainable operations, biological rest periods, the
strengthening of international inspection schemes for fishing and other vessels, and the
integration of marine and coastal areas protection into key sectors;
(d) Implement the programme of action called for by the International Coral Reef Initiative
and promote international networking of wetland ecosystems in coastal zones aimed at the
protection and management of coral reefs.
30. Advance implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) and the Montreal Declaration by actions
at the international, regional and national levels to:
(a) Facilitate partnerships, scientific research and diffusion of technical knowledge;
mobilise domestic, regional and international resources; and promote human and
institutional capacity building, paying particular attention to the needs of developing
countries;
(b) Strengthen the capacity of developing countries in the development of their national and
regional programmes and mechanisms to mainstream the objectives of the GPA and to
manage the risks and impacts of prevent ocean pollution;
(c) Ratify, accede and implement the conventions, protocols and other relevant instruments
of, and under the auspices of, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) relating to the
enhancement of maritime safety and protection of the marine environment from marine
pollution; environmental damage caused by ships including from invasive alien species in
ballast water; and the use of toxic anti-fouling paints; and the deliberate dumping of wastes
at sea;
19
(d) Implement the recommendation contained in paragraph 21 (h) of CSD decision 9/1 regarding
international maritime transportation and transboundary movement of radioactive material; halt
the maritime transportation and transboudary movement of radioactive wastes at least until such
recommendations have been implemented, namely “[…] to […] further improve measures and
internationally agreed regulations regarding safety, while […] having effective liability
mechanisms in place, relevant to international maritime transportation and other transboundary
movement of radioactive material, radioactive waste and spent fuel, including, inter
alia, arrangements for prior notification and consultations done in accordance
with relevant international instruments .
.
31. Improve the scientific understanding of marine and coastal ecosystems as a fundamental
basis for sound decision-making, through, actions at the global, regional and national levels to:
(a) Increase scientific and technical collaboration at the global and regional levels including
the appropriate transfer of marine science and marine technologies and techniques on
conservation and management of living and non-living marine resources and expanding
ocean observing capabilities for timely prediction and assessment on the state of marine
environment;
(b) Build capacity in marine science, information and management, through, inter alia,
promote use of environmental impact assessments and environmental evaluation and
reporting techniques, for projects or activities that are potentially harmful to the coastal and
marine environments and their living and non-living resources;
(c) Strengthen the ability of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of
UNESCO and other relevant international and regional organizations.
******
32. Develop and implement a global programme of action to reduce the impact of disasters and
enhance the international mechanisms established for the International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (ISDR) for coordination and monitoring of its implementation. International, regional
and national actions are required to:
(a) Encourage the international community to provide the necessary financial means to the
Trust Fund for the ISDR;
(b) Address vulnerability to natural disasters and disaster reduction based on a multi-hazard
approach including to establish and strengthen the institutional capabilities of countries,
promote international joint observation and research, disseminate technical and scientific
knowledge;
(c) Implement wetland and watershed restoration, better land-use planning and improved
drainage, develop and apply techniques and methodologies for assessing the potential
adverse effects of climate change and provide assistance to vulnerable countries to mitigate
theseis impacts;
20
(d) Encourage dissemination and use of traditional and indigenous knowledge to mitigate
the impact of disasters;
(e) Establish a global early warning system, in the framework of the ISDR and in
cooperation with WMO, UNEP, FAO and other stakeholders, as the nucleus for a global
early warning network, which should be integrated with national, regional, and international
mechanisms;
(f) Establish effective global, regional, sub-regional, and national strategies and institutions
involving medium and long–term actions and international support to prevent, mitigate and
repair the damage by providing technical, scientific, and financial assistance, and adopting
rules and laws to identify the liability and responsibility of Corporations and States for
activities that can cause disasters, or increase their impacts;
(g) Promote cooperation in the prevention, reduction, relief and post-disaster rehabilitation
of major technological and other disasters with an adverse impact on the environment in
order to enhance the capabilities of affected countries to cope with such situations, and to
identify and enhance liability and responsibility for damage and redress.
******
33. [Recalls the United Nations Millennium Declaration, in which Heads of State and
Government resolved to make every effort to ensure the entry into force of the Kyoto
Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, preferably by
the tenth anniversary of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
in 2002, and to embark on the required reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases, and
calls upon States to work cooperatively towards achieving the ultimate objective of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.2]Greenpeace comment on this
paragraph and the Chairman´s footnote: The square brackets should be removed. This paragraph
cannot be subject to negotiation given that the UN Millenium Declaration cannot be re-written. If
one or more countries wishes to state a different position or file a reservation they should take
responsibility for doing so, in line with normal accepted practice. Such country/ies should be
clearly identified in the footnote that would accompany the above paragraph. From previous
Sessions of the Preparatory Committee, everyone is aware that these brackets result from the
pressure of the United States. This position stands in contradiction to President Bush´s promise
to EU Heads of State and Government, made in June 2001 in Goteborg and reiterated in
February 2002, that although the US did not intend to ratify the Kyoto Protocol they would not
stand in the way of other nations’ desires to move ahead with it. The US was called to task for
this on the floor of Prepcom III, and we see no reason why they should be rewarded for their
unilateralism and for reneging on their international obligations under the implementation of the
UNFCCC or any other UN treaty. International, regional and national actions are required to:
2 Consensus language is taken from UN General Assembly resolution, A/56/199. The Chairman has not proposed
any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach consensus. See Greenpeace comment
above. This paragraph cannot be negotiated given that the UN Millenium Declaration cannot be re-written.
21
(a) Provide technical and financial assistance and capacity building to developing countries
and countries with economies in transition in accordance with the Marrakech Accords for
the implementation of the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol;
(b) Build scientific and technological capabilities and networks for the exchange of
scientific data and information especially in developing countries;
(c) Promote the systematic observation of the Earth's atmosphere by improving groundbased
monitoring stations, increasing use of satellites, and appropriate integration of these
observations to produce high-quality data that could be disseminated for the use of all
countries, in particular developing countries;
(d) Implement a strategy for integrated global observations to monitor the Earth’s
atmosphere with the cooperation of relevant international organizations, especially the
United Nations specialized agencies in cooperation with the UNFCCC secretariat;
(e) Support the Arctic Council initiative to assess the environmental, social and economic
consequences of climate change on the Arctic as well as on the Antarctic, in particular the
impact on local and indigenous communities.
34. Enhance cooperation at the international, regional and national level to reduce air pollution,
transboundary air pollution and acid deposition with actions to:
(a) Strengthen capacities of developing countries and countries with economies in
transition to measure, reduce and assess the impacts of air pollution, including the health
impacts and provide financial and technical support for these activities;
(b) Take measures to address effectively halt the illegal traffic in ozone depleting
substances (ODS);
(c) Facilitate implementation of the Montreal Protocol by ensuring adequate replenishment
of its fund by 2003/2005;
(d) Improve access to affordable, accessible, cost-effective, safe and environmentally sound
alternatives to ozone-depleting substances, ODS, by developing countries, by 2010 and
assist them in complying with the phase-out schedule under the Montreal Protocol.
******
35. Agriculture plays a crucial role in addressing the needs of a growing global population, and
is inextricably linked to poverty eradication, especially in developing countries. Sustainable
agriculture and rural development (SARD) is essential to the implementation of an integrated
approach to increasing food production and enhancing food security, and food safety and food
sovereignty in an environmentally sustainable way. This would includes international, regional
and national actions to:
(a) (a) Realize the “right to food,” as stated in Article 11 of the Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, as a means to promote food security and sovereignty and
22
fight hunger in order to reach the Millennium Declaration target to halve, by the year
2015, the proportion of the world’s people who suffer from hunger, by giving priority to
agricultural practices that enhance food sovereignty and respect traditional knowledge
and the environment;
(b) Put an end to the on-going process of genetic pollution by taking measures to prevent the
irreversible release of genetically modified organisms into the environment, prohibit
patenting of life forms and seeds and to convene an intergovernmental conference by
August 2003 to adopt an international instrument to prohibit patents on life forms;
(c) Ratify the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety by the end of 2002 at the latest, and act in
accordance with its provisions immediately;
(d) Agree that the 5th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) shall
review the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) with a
view to facilitating the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the
adoption of a new instrument prohibiting patents on life, and protecting the rights of local
and indigenous communities;
(b)(e) Develop and implement land and water-use plans that are based on optimal use of
renewable resources and on integrated assessments of socio-economic and environmental
potentials and strengthen the capacity of governments, local authorities and communities to
monitor and manage the quantity and quality of water and food resources;
(c)(f) Increase understanding of the sustainable use, protection and management of water
resources to advance long-term sustainability of freshwater, coastal and marine
environments;
(d)(g) Promote programmes to enhance the productivity of land and the efficient use of
water resources in agriculture, forestry, wetlands, artisanal fisheries and aquaculture,
especially through indigenous and local community-based approaches;
(h) Implement the FAO Plan of Action to preserve and protect agriculture biodiversity;
(e)(i) Integrate existing information systems on land-use practises by strengthening
national research and extension services and farmer organisations to trigger farmer-tofarmer
exchange on good practices such as those related to environmentally sound, low-cost
technologies with the assistance of relevant international organisations;
(f)(j) Enact, as appropriate, measures that protect indigenous resource management
systems and rights and support the participation of all appropriate stakeholders in rural
planning and local governance;
(k) Maintain and increase public control of the legal rights to the genetic codes of plants
and animals of agricultural significance, with a view to maintaining biodiversity and
ensuring an equitable sharing of benefits;
23
(g)(l) Adopt policies and implement laws that guarantee well-defined and enforceable land
and water use rights and promote legal security of tenure, recognizing the existence of
different national laws and/or systems of land access and tenure, and provide technical and
financial assistance to developing countries that are undertaking land tenure reform;
(h)(m) Reverse the declining trend in public sector finance and provide appropriate
technical and financial assistance to support efforts in developing countries and countries
with economies in transition to strengthen agricultural research and natural resource
management capacity, and to this end create at the national level an Office on Food
Sovereignty and Food Security whose task will be to monitor progress and to enhance
international co-operation towards this end, and to alert national and international authorities
of developments likely to undermine food security and sovereignty;
(i)(n) Employ market-based incentives for agricultural enterprises and farmers to monitor
and manage water use and quality, inter alia, by applying methods such as small-scale
irrigation, waste water recycling and reuse, low- and no-water waste treatment techniques,
and the separation of industrial waste water from municipal waste water in order to optimize
the re-use of sewage sludge to combat desertification and for agriculture purposes;
(j)(o) Enhance access to existing markets and develop new markets for value-added
agricultural products, particularly from ecological agriculture;
(k)(p) Improve substantially market access, and to reduce, with a view to phaseing out, with
a view to eliminate, all forms of exports subsidies, and trade-distorting domestic and
environmentally harmful support;
(l)(q) Increase brown fields redevelopment in developed industrialised countries and
countries with economies in transition where contamination is a serious problem;
(q)(r) Enhance international cooperation to combat illicit crops in a manner that does not
affect traditional agriculture practices and livelihoods, and ensuring that the substitute crops
are respectful of the environment, and not monocultures.
******
36. Strengthen the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa
(UNCCD) to restore land for agriculture as well as to address poverty resulting from land
degradation. This would include international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Mobilize adequate and predictable financial resources, transfer of technologies and
capacity-building at all levels;
(b) Formulate national action programmes to ensure timely and effective implementation of
the UNCCD and its related projects with the support of the international community,
including through decentralized projects at the local level;
24
(c) Encourage synergies, with due regard to their respective mandates, between the United
Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity
and the UNCCD through various channels, in the elaboration and implementation of plans
and strategies under the respective conventions;
(d) Integrate measures to combat and prevent desertification into relevant policies and
programmes, such as land and water management, agriculture, rural development,
environmental, energy, natural resources, health and education and poverty reduction
strategies;
(e) Provide affordable local access to information to improve monitoring and early warning
related to desertification;
(f) Call on the next Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to consider (i) the
recommendations of the GEF Council concerning the designation of land degradation
(deforestation and desertification), as a focal area of the GEF; and consequently (ii) the role
of the GEF in the UNCCD, taking into account the prerogatives and decisions of the
Conference of the Parties, according to the provisions of the Declaration of Caracas and the
Ministerial Message from Praia on the implementation of the UNCCD
(g) Improve the sustainability of grassland resources through strengthening management
and law enforcement and providing financial and technical support by the international
community to developing countries.
******
37. Mountain ecosystems include significant watershed resources, biological diversity, unique
flora and fauna, and many are particularly fragile and vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate
change. Develop and promote programs, policies and approaches that integrate environment,
economic and social components of sustainable mountain development and strengthen
international cooperation particularly at the regional and sub-regional levels through agreements,
treaties and conventions. This would includes international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Implement programs to address, where appropriate, deforestation, erosion, land
degradation, loss of biodiversity, disruption of water flows and retreat of glaciers;
(b) Develop and implement, where appropriate, policies and programs, including public
and private investments, that help eliminate inequities facing mountain communities,
particularly for women;
(c) Implement programs to promote diversification and traditional mountain economies,
sustainable livelihoods and small scale production systems, including better access to
national and international markets, communications and transport planning, taking into
account the particular sensitivity of mountains;
(d) Promote full participation and involvement of mountain communities in decisions that
affect them and to integrate indigenous knowledge, heritage and values in all development
initiatives;
25
(e) Mobilize national and international resources with a view to promote investments,
applied research and capacity building.
******
38. Promote sustainable tourism development including non-consumptive and eco-tourism,
taking into account the spirit of the International Year of Eco-tourism 2002 and UNESCOs
International Year of Cultural Heritage in 2002, the draft CBD guidelines for sustainable tourism
and the global code of ethics for tourism as adopted by the World Tourism Organisation in order
to increase the benefits from tourism resources for the population in host communities, while
maintaining the cultural and environmental integrity of the host communities and enhancing the
protection of ecologically sensitive areas and natural heritages. To ppromote sustainable tourism
development and capacity building in order to contribute to the strengthening of rural and local
communities. This would includes international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Enhance international cooperation, foreign direct investment and partnerships with both
private and public sectors at all levels;
(b) Develop programmes that encourage people to participate in eco-tourism and enhance
stakeholder co-operation in tourism development and heritage preservation to improve the
protection of the environment, natural resources and cultural heritage;
(c) Charge eco-taxes for tourists in ecologically sensitive areas, to provide additional
support for local conservation and restoration programmes and sustainable development
initiatives;
(c)(d) Provide technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in
transition to support sustainable tourism business development and investment, tourism
awareness programmes to improve domestic tourism, and to stimulate entrepreneurial
development;
(d)(e) Assist host communities to manage visitation to their tourism attractions for their
maximum financial benefit whilst ensuring the least negative impact on and risks for their
traditions, culture and living environment. It is further recommended that the World Tourism
Organisation and other relevant organisations facilitate the implementation in their Member
States
(e)(f) Promote the diversification of the economic activities, including through the
facilitation of access to markets and commercial information, and participation of emerging
local enterprises, especially SMEs.
******
39. Biodiversity plays a critical role in overall sustainable development and is essential to our
planet and human well being and is being lost at unprecedented rates due to human activities.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the key instrument for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity and to put in place halt by 2010 at the latest measures to
26
halt biodiversity loss at the global, regional, sub-regional and national levels requires actions at
all levels to:
(a) Incorporate and mainstream the objectives of the CBD into global, regional and national
sectoral and cross-sectoral programmes and policies, in particular in the programmes and
policies of donor countries and funding agencies;
(b) Implement the CBD, and its provisions and its Protocol on Biosafety through national
and regional action programmes, in particular the national biodiversity strategies and action
plans and the CBD Work Programme on Forests, and strengthen their integration into
relevant cross-sectoral strategies, programs and policies including those related to
sustainable development and poverty eradication;
(c) Supplement domestic actions to promote concrete international support and partnership
for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and unique ecosystems as well as
the world heritage sites, through the appropriate channeling of financial resources and
technology to developing countries
(d) Promote and support initiatives of multi-stakeholders for the conservation of hotspot
areas and promote the development of national and regional ecological networks, in order to
conserve and sustainably use biodiversity, recognizing the importance of implementing the
ecosystem approach;
(e) Strengthen national, regional and international efforts on invasive alien species as one
of the main causes of biodiversity loss and encourage implementation of and continued
work on the proposed CBD guiding principles on invasive alien species;
(f) Preserve and maintain traditional knowledge relevant to biological diversity and
promote its wider application in decision and policy-making in consultation with and
participation of indigenous and local communities, while recognizing the ownership rights
of the knowledge and the need to apply appropriate benefit-sharing mechanisms;
(g) Encourage technical and financial support to developing countries in their efforts to
conserve, enhance, catalogue, and secure sui generis systems for the protection of traditional
knowledge particularly in its application of sustainable methods of production, with a view
to conserving biodiversity;
(h) Promote the wide implementation of and continued work on the proposed CBD Bonn
Guidelines as a framework for access to genetic resources and equitable sharing of benefits
from their use as well as the adoption of a national strategy on access and benefit sharing,
including appropriate legislative and administrative measures;
(i) Ensure successful and expeditious conclusion of existing processes under the World
Intellectual Property Organization Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property
and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, and in the Ad Hoc Openended
Group on Article 8 (j) and related provisions of the CBD, to ensure that benefits
derived from the use of genetic materials and traditional knowledge are fairly and equitably
shared, particularly with sources countries and with indigenous and local communities;
27
(j) Promote an effective and transparent framework for access to the results and benefits
arising from biotechnologies based upon genetic resources, in accordance with article 19 of
the CBD;
(k) Urge countries to become parties of the biodiversity related international agreements, in
particular the CBD and its Protocol on Biosafety, and provide the necessary financing,
technology transfer and capacity-building support to developing countries to facilitate their
effective implementation.
******
40. Forests and trees cover nearly one third of the earth’s surface. Sustainable forest
management of both natural and planted forests is essential to achieving sustainable development
and is a critical means to eradicate poverty, reduce land and resource degradation, improve food
security as well as access to safe drinking water and affordable energy, and contributes to the
well-being of the planet and humanity. Ancient forests are home to approximately 50% of the
world´s terrestrial biodiversity. Achievement of ecologically sustainable forest management use
and conservation, globally and locally, is an essential goal of sustainable development and will
requires actions at all levels to:
(a) Support ecologically sustainable forest use and conservation management as a priority
on the international agenda through:
a. Implementation of independent, third party, credible certification schemes that take
into consideration relevant biodiversity criteria and indigenous and local community
rights and interests,
b. enhance political commitment by putting in place by 2003 at the latest government
procurement policies which require sourcing of wood and paper products from
independently certified sources, with industrialised countries taking the lead,
c. the elimination of environmentally harmful and trade disruptive government
subsidies in the forestry sector shifting these resources to forest preservation,
restoration and the promotion of sustainable forestry industries and markets, and
d. the creation of incentives to give support to certified sustainable forest products and
facilitate their market penetration,
e. the prevention of the release of genetically modified trees into the environment, due to
their irreversible and unpredictable impact on forest biodiversity.
(b) Support the United Nations Forum on Forests, and the Collaborative Partnership on
Forests and the Convention on Biological Diversity´s Work Programme on Forests, as key
intergovernmental mechanisms to facilitate and coordinate the implementation of
ecologically sustainable forest management use and conservation at the national, regional
and global levels;
28
(c) Industrialised countries to provide financial support to developing countries for the
implementation of the CBD Work Programme on Forests, and to increase their pledge for
ancient forests conservation at the GEF replenishment conference in October 2002;
(c)(d) Take immediate action on domestic forest law enforcement with the creation by
industrialised countries of a special law enforcement fund to assist developing countries to
combat illegal logging and other illegal activities affecting the conservation of forest
biological diversity, to eliminate international trade in forest products arising from
unsustainable exploitation and illegal international trade in forest products, including in
forest biological resources and timber, with the support of the international community, to
provide human and institutional capacity-building related to the enforcement of national
legislation in those areas and to enforce bans on illegal logging and on the trade in illegally
logged timber;
(e) Decision by the Contracting Parties to the CITES Convention to list mahoganies on
CITES Annex 2;
(d)(f) Take immediate action to promote and facilitate the means to achieve sustainable
timber harvesting by putting an immediate end to the further fragmentation of ancient
forests, creating networks of representative protected areas in ancient forests and other
forests of high biodiversity value. To this end industrialised countries agree to provide
significant funds, compensation and trade opportunities to compensate developing countries
for their conservation efforts, taking into account the global services to nature arising from
forest conservation;
(e)(g) Develop and implement initiatives, inter alia the ecoystem approach to forest
management, to address the needs of those parts of the world that currently suffer from
poverty and the highest rates of deforestation and where international cooperation would be
welcomed by affected Governments;
(f)(h) Create and strengthen partnerships and international cooperation to facilitate the
provision of increased financial resources, transfer of environmentally sound technologies,
fair and sustainable trade through independent certification of forest products, capacitybuilding,
forest law enforcement and governance at all levels, and integrated land and
resource management to implement ecologically sustainable forest management use and
conservation, including the IPF/IFF proposals for action;
(g)(i) Accelerate implementation of the IPF/IFF proposals for action by countries, and the
Collaborative Partnership on Forests, and the CBD Work Programme on Forests, and
intensify efforts on reporting to the United Nations Forum on Forests to contribute to an
assessment of progress in 2005.
******
41. Mining, minerals and metals are important to the economic and social development of many
countries. Though mining by definition cannot be considered a sustainable activity, o enhance
the contribution of governments must urgently limit the impacts of the mining, minerals and
29
metal sector on to sustainable development, with actions at international, regional and national
levels are required to:
(a) Give priority to re-use and recycling of metals and minerals with a view to optimising
the use of raw materials, their conservation and energy savings;
(b) Ban the mining and use of asbestos world-wide;
(c) Promote alternatives to the use and discharge of heavy metals in mining;
(d) Ban subseabed mining;
(a)(e) Address Minimise the environmental, economic, health and social impacts and
benefits of mining, minerals and metals, including workers’ health and safety, throughout
their lifecycle and use existing mechanisms, including strengthened government regulation
as well as partnerships arrangements among interested governments, and intergovernmental
organizations, taking into account the view of and other stakeholders, to promote greater
efforts, transparency and accountability for sustainability of the mining and minerals
industry;
(b)(f) Enhance the participation of local and indigenous communities to play an active
stakeholder role in minerals, metals and mining development through the life cycles of
mines, including transparent and comprehensive consultations to determine whether new
projects and developments are acceptable to local and indigenous communities, and after its
closure;
(c)(g) Provide adequate financial, technical and capacity building support to developing
countries, and countries with economies in transition, to optimize the efficiency and other
environmental aspects of mining and processing of minerals, including small-scale mining,
improve value added processing, and reclamation and rehabilitation of degraded sites.
V. Sustainable Development in A Globalizing World
42. The potential impact of globalization to promote on sustainable development for all
remains yet to be taken into accountrealized. Efforts at international, regional and national levels
are required to make globalization equitable, inclusive and responsive to the needs of the
developing countries. Actions will be are required at all levels to:
(a) Adopt and implement coherent and sound macroeconomic policies that are coherent
with the need for sustainability and the protection of the biosphere, and develop institutional
capacities;
(b) Reform the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to cCreate an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-
30
discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system that benefits all countries and the
environment in the pursuit of sustainable development and of the goals and provisions of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements;
(c) Enhance the capacities of developing countries, including the least developed countries,
land-locked developing countries and small island developing states, to benefit from
liberalized trade opportunities, through international cooperation and measures aimed at
improving food security and sovereignty, productivity, commodity diversification and
competitiveness, community based entrepreneurial capacity, and transportation and
communication infrastructure development;
(d) Apply at all levels the pPrecautionary Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration while
avoiding its misuse that may restrict unduly exports from developing countries;
(e) Increase trade related technical assistance and capacity building programmes including
in the trade, and sustainable development and environmental policy interface;
(f) Ensure that preferential trade scheme supports sustainable development and reduce or
and eliminate environmentally harmful subsidies;
(g) Establish and strengthen existing regional trade and cooperation agreements between
industrialized and developing countries and countries with economies in transition as well as
among developing countries, as appropriate, with the support from international finance
institutions and regional development banks, and integrate sustainable development
objectives, including environmental obligations, into such agreements;
(h) Make foreign direct investment more supportive of sustainable development, including
environmental policy, and encourage international and regional institutions, as well as
institutions in source countries, to promote increasing investment flows to developing
countries and to assist developing countries in their efforts to create a conducive domestic
enabling environment, to protect their environment and insure its sustainable use;
(i) Assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition in narrowing the
digital divide and harnessing the potential of information and communication technologies
for development;
(j) Reduce global financial volatility by adopting better and more transparent forms of
financial market regulation including through, inter alia the implementation of Monterrey
Consensus;
(k) Strengthen the capacities of developing countries by increasing assistance from
multilateral financial institutions for public/private initiatives that improve access, accuracy,
timeliness and coverage of information on countries and financial markets;
(l) Promote corporate responsibility and accountability through the development of further
national and international law regarding liability and compensation for environmental
damage as required in Principle 13 of the Rio Declaration. An International Negotiating
Committee will be convened to consider proposals for an international instrument on
31
corporate responsibility, libaility and accountability with a view to completion of its work
by 2005. The exchange of good practices, including through public/private partnerships, and
other voluntary initiatives cannot be substitutes for regulation. [building, inter alia, The
UN Secretary General is invited to present to the UNGA the lessons from on the UN
Global Compact experiment. and the OECD Guidelines for Multilateral Enterprises, as
appropriate3], taking into account other initiatives as well as by using tools such as
environmental management accounting and environmental reporting;
(m) Provide assistance to developing countries to promote environmental and social impact
assessments that identify trade, environment and development linkages and related policy
measures;.
(n) Request the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to allow the participation of the
representatives of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and of the
Secretariats of Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) at all its meetings;
(o) Request the 5th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to
adopt rules to allow the participation of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) to attend
and submit and present documents and proposals to the WTO Ministerial Conference, the
WTO Council, the WTO Committee on Trade and Development, the WTO Committee on
Trade and Environment, WTO Dispute Settlement Panels, all other WTO committees and
sub-committees of the WTO, and relevant Dispute Settlement Panels.
VI. Health and Sustainable Development
43. The Rio Declaration states that human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable
development, and that they are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
The goals of sustainable development can only be achieved in the absence of a high prevalence
of debilitating illnesses while population health requires poverty eradication. There is an urgent
need to address the causes of ill health and their impact on development, with particular
emphasis on women and children, as well as other vulnerable groups of society such as people
with disabilities, elderly persons, and indigenous people.
44. To sStrengthen the capacity of healthcare systems to deliver basic health services to all in an
efficient, accessible and affordable manner aimed at preventing, controlling and treating diseases
and to reduce environmental health threats and, to this end, requires that measures be taken to:
(a) Integrate health concerns of the most vulnerable populations into strategies, policies and
programmes for poverty eradication and sustainable development;
(b) Ensure equitable and enhanced access to affordable and efficient healthcare at the
primary, secondary and high complexity levels and access to essential and safe drugs, at
3 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus.
32
affordable prices, immunization services and safe vaccines, as well as ensure the access to
medical technology and development of new vaccines;
(c) Provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries as well as countries
with economies in transition to implement health for all strategy, including health
information systems and integrated databases on development hazards;
(d) Improve the development and management of human resources in health care services;
(e) Develop an international programme to achieve global health literacy by 2010 and
develop public/private partnerships to promote health education, with the objective of
achieving global health education by 2010;
(f) Develop programmes and initiatives to reduce, by the year 2015 mortality rates for
infants and children under 5 by two thirds, and maternal mortality rates by three-quarters, of
the prevailing rate in 2000 and to reduce disparities between and within developed and
developing countries as quickly as possible;
(g) Target research efforts and its dissemination to reduce exposures, in particular of
susceptible and vulnerable populations, to all kinds of pathogenic agents, building on equal
access to healthcare services, education, training, and medical treatment and technology, as
well as to address the secondary effects of poor health;
(h) Promote the use of traditional medicine, where appropriate in combination with modern
medicine, with an approval and involvement of the indigenous and local communities who
are the holders of the knowledge and practices, and encourage governments to develop and
implement strategies ensuring effective protection of traditional knowledge [through
approaches such as, inter alia, intellectual property rights, the use of contractual
agreements, and sui-generis protection regimes / ensuring sui-generis protection of
traditional knowledge4];
(i) Ensure equal access of women to healthcare and services, including reproductive
healthcare, giving particular attention to maternal and emergency obstetric care;
(j) Launch an international capacity building initiative that assesses health and
environment linkages and uses the knowledge gained to create more effective national and
regional policy responses to environmental threats to human health;
(k) Transfer and disseminate technologies for safe water, sanitation and waste management
for rural and urban areas in developing countries as well as countries with economies in
transition, with international financial support, taking into account country-specific
conditions and gender concerns;
(l) Strengthen and promote ILO programmes to reduce occupational deaths, injuries, and
illnesses originating from unsustainable work practices and conditions and to link
4 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus.
33
occupational health with public health promotion as means for promoting public health and
education;
(m) Promote health by ensuring access for all to sufficient, safe, culturally acceptable and
nutritionally adequate food as well as through consumer health protection, address issues of
micro-nutrient deficiency, and implement existing internationally agreed commitments,
standard and guidelines.
45. Combat HIV/AIDS by reducing HIV infection rates by 25 percent [by 2005] in the most
affected countries and globally [by 2010], as well as combat Malaria, TB and other diseases by,
inter alia :
(a) Implementing national preventive and treatment strategies, regional and international
co-operation measures as well as development of international programme to provide
special assistance to children orphaned by HIV/AIDS;
(b) Fulfilling the commitment for the provision of sufficient resources to support the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, while ensuring access to the Fund by
countries most in need;
(c) Protecting the health of workers and promoting occupational safety, [by, inter alia,
following the International Labour Organization (ILO) Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS
and the World of Work,5] improving conditions of the work place, and providing financial
and technological support as well as eliminating discriminatory practices;
(d) Supporting programmes and initiatives, particularly by the WHO and other multilateral
and international institutions;
(e) Gradually increase developed industrialised countries' financial support toward R&D
activities directed at development of drugs for neglected diseases such as malaria, TB with
the aim of reaching $ 1.5 billion [by 2007].
46. Reduce respiratory diseases and other health impacts resulting from air pollution, including
from some traditional cooking and heating practices, with particular attention to women and
children who are most exposed to indoor air pollution by:
(a) Strengthening regional and national programmes, including through public/private
partnerships, with technical and financial assistance to developing countries;
(b) Gradually phasing out of lead in gasoline and lead-based paints by 2010 at the latest,
and strengthening monitoring and surveillance efforts as well as treatment of lead poisoning;
(c) Strengthening and supporting efforts for the reduction of sulphur and benzene in fuels
and the reduction of vehicle exhaust emission, including through cleaner fuels, modern
pollution controls, particularly to developing countries;.
5 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus.
34
(d) Providing clean renewable sources of energy, and particularly increasing efficiency in
the use of sustainable biomass fuel.
47. Implement with no delay the commitments and objectives contained in the Declaration on
the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health adopted at Doha in a manner supportive of the
protection of public health and of the promotion of access to medicines for all, while recognizing
the gravity of the public health problems afflicting many developing and least developed
countries, especially those resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and other epidemics.
VII. Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States
48. Small island developing States (SIDS) are a special case both for environment and
development. Although they continue to take the lead in the path towards sustainable
development in their countries, they are increasingly constrained by the interplay of adverse
factors clearly underlined in Agenda 21, the Programme of Action for the Sustainable
Development of Small Island Developing States, and decisions of the 22nd Special Session of
the UNGA. Actions at the international, regional and national levels are required to:
(a) Accelerate national and regional implementation of the Programme of Action for the
sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, with adequate financial
resources, including through the existing GEF windows, transfer of environmentally sound
technologies and assistance for capacity-building from the international community;
(b) Ensure sustainable fisheries management and secure financial returns from fisheries by
supporting and strengthening relevant regional fisheries management organizations such as
the recently established Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism as well as, for those in the
position to do so, supporting arrangements such as the Convention on the Conservation and
Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and the Central Pacific Ocean;
(c) Assist SIDS and developing coastal States, including through the elaboration of specific
initiatives by 2004, to define and manage in a sustainable manner their coastal areas and
exclusive economic zones and, where appropriate, their extended continental shelves, as
well as relevant regional management initiatives within the context of the UNCLOS;
(d) Develop and implement a specific work programmes for SIDS within the Convention
on Biological Diversity, including the Jakarta Mandate, relevant freshwater programmes,
and the GEF operational programme for international waters.
(e) Effectively minimise, reduce, prevent, and control waste and pollution and their
significant health related impacts by undertaking, by 2004, initiatives aimed at
implementing the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
Environment from Land Based Activities in SIDS and apply comprehensive impact
assessment of mining;
(f) Ensure that in the elaboration of the WTO work programme on trade in small
economies due account is taken of small island developing States, which have severe
structural handicaps in integrating into the global economy, without creating a new subcategory
of WTO Members, and to complete this work [by 2003];
35
(g) Develop community-based initiatives on sustainable tourism [by 2004], and build the
capacities necessary to protect cultural identity and effectively conserve and manage natural
resources, through eco-taxation and other means;
(h) Extend assistance to local communities and appropriate national and regional
organizations of SIDS for comprehensive hazard and risk management, disaster prevention,
mitigation and preparedness and help relieve the consequences of disasters, extreme weather
events and other emergencies;
(i) Support the finalization and early operationalization of economic, social and
environmental vulnerability indices and related indicators for the promotion of the
sustainable development of the small island developing States;
(j) Launch a global initiative aimed at identifying responsibility and liability for humaninduced
climate change to assisting small island developing States in mobilizing adequate
resources and partnerships for their adaptation and remediation needs relating to climate
change, including extreme weather events, climate variability, and sea level rise.
49. Ensure the availability of adequate, affordable and environmentally safe energy. This would
include international, regional and national actions to:
(a) Establish a programme on energy for the sustainable development of small island
developing States [by 2004], including through the United Nations system and partnership
initiatives;
(b) Develop efficient use of all sustainable sources of energy including with priority to
indigenous sources of renewable energy and build the capacities of SIDS for training,
technical know-how and strengthening national institutions in the area of energy.
50. Undertake a full and comprehensive review of the implementation of the Programme of
Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States in 2004, in
accordance with the provisions set forth in paragraph 47 of the Addendum to the report of the
22nd special session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGASS).
VIII. Sustainable development initiatives for Africa
51. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) is a commitment by African
leaders, based on a common and shared vision, to eradicate poverty and to place their countries,
both individually and collectively, on a path of sustainable growth and development while
participating actively in the world economy and body politic. The international community
welcomes this commitment, and pledges its support to the New Partnership for Africa’s
Development, but encourages African countries to be receptive to the calls from African civil
society organisations that before NEPAD is developed any further, it be returned for consultation
with and review by African civil society. tTo support implementation of the New Partnership for
Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and efforts for sustainable development, actions required to:
36
(a) Create an enabling environment at the regional, national and local levels in order to
achieve the sustainable development of Africa ed annual economic growth and support
African efforts for peace and security, democracy and good governance and civil society
capacity building;
(b) Bring new money to Ppromote clean technology development, and environmentally
sustainable production methods (NEPAD, 48) and bring affordable renewable energy and
efficiency to the millions of people who currently have no access to electricity in Africa.
tTransfer and diffuseion to Africa and further develop technology and knowledge available
in African centres of excellence;
(c) Develop African educational institutions and increase their capacity relevant to national
needs;
(d) Establish regulations and supporting mechanisms (including enforcement) to ensure that
Pprovidinge market access for African goods and services and increase investment in
regional market infrastructure do not increase environmental damage especially in forests
and other ecologically sensitive areas, and do not lead to increased poverty and inequity in
Africa, in line with the view express in NEPAD 4 that “the open, uninhabited spaces, the
flora and fauna, and the diverse animal species unique to Africa offer an opportunity for
humanity to maintain its link with nature”.
(e) Support African countries in implementing the Convention to Combat Desertification,
including, inter alia, through promoting alternative sources of energy that will reduce
deforestation, and biodiversity loss and pollution;
(f) Create effective and transparent regulatory frameworks that attract investments and
conducive environment to the development and control of the mining sector;
(g) Provide financial and technical support to implement all relevant Multilateral
Environmental Agreements and the Birmingham agreement to combat illegal logging, and
to operationalise the NEPAD statement that “unless communities in the vicinity of the
tropical forests are given alternative means of earning a living, they will co-operate in the
destruction of the forests”;
(h) Develop projects, programmes, and partnerships with relevant stakeholders and
mobilise resources for the effective implementation of the outcome of the African Process
for the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment.
52. Deal effectively with natural disasters and conflicts through initiatives to:
(a) Strengthen the capacities of African countries, including institutional capacity, for the
assessment, prevention, management of and preparedness for such natural disasters and
conflicts;
(b) Provide financial and technical assistance and undertake post disaster management and
assess its impact on economic, social and environmental resources;
37
(c) Provide support to African countries to enable them to better deal with the displacement
of people as a result of natural disasters and conflicts; and
(d) Provide support to refugee host countries in rehabilitating infrastructure and
environment, including ecosystems and habitats, damaged in the process of receiving and
settling refugees, as well as putting in place rapid response mechanisms.
53. Achieve maximum upstream and downstream benefits from, the development of water
resources, and the protection of water quality and aquatic systems through initiatives to:
(a) Develop and implement river basin and watershed management strategies and plans for
all major water bodies [by 2005] while respecting existing regional agreements and national
laws and priorities;
(b) Strengthen regional, sub-regional and national capacities for planning, research,
monitoring and assessment as well as arrangements for water resource management;
(c) Protect water resources, including ground water against pollution as well as develop
programmes for the desalination of seawater with priority to renewable energy and the
environmentally sound disposal of brine, cloud seeding, rain harvesting and recycling of
water;
(d) Provide access to potable domestic water, hygiene education and improved sanitation
and waste management at the household level through initiatives to encourage public and
private investment in water supply and sanitation, develop critical water supply, reticulation
and treatment infrastructure as well as build capacity to maintain and manage systems to
deliver water and sanitation services.
54. Achieve improved agricultural productivity and food security [by 2012], through initiatives
to:
(a) Seek and promote just and equitable food distribution, the maintenance of centres of
diversity and local food crops, support local farmers and access to land for poor and smallscale
and women farmers;
(b) Support national plans of African countries to regenerate their agricultural sectors
through improved agricultural inputs and techniques that are respectful of the need to
protect biodiversity and water, and traditional knowledge to ensuring food security for all
people and food sovereignty;
(b)(c) Empower women to facilitate their entry as producers into the sector;
(c)(d) Expand access to productive agricultural land, water resources and investment
infrastructure for poor and small farmers;
(d)(e) Support livestock development programmes that will, ensure progressive control and
ultimate eradication of animal diseases.
38
(f) Adopt government regulations, and international rules, to ban the patenting of life forms
to secure the equitable sharing of benefits from the exploitation of genetic resources and
increase access to medicine and food, to recognize the work of indigenous and local
communities over centuries to maintain and improve seeds and plants essential to humans,
and to facilitate the transfer of wealth to Africa;
(g) Support the adoption of a moratorium on logging and other industrial scale projects in
the African Forest of the Great Apes.
55. Achieve sound management of chemicals and in particular hazardous and toxic chemicals
and wastes, inter alia, through initiatives to assist African countries to elaborate national
chemical profiles, regional and national frameworks and strategies for chemical management and
establishing chemical focal points and through urgent financial and technical assistance to
remove and destroyed in an environmentally sound manner African stockpiles of obsolete
pesticides estimated to amount to 100,000 tons according to the FAO.
56. Bridge the digital divide [by 2012], through initiatives to create a comprehensive, integrated
global initiative for Africa, strengthen an enabling environment to attract investments, accelerate
existing and new programmes and projects to connect essential institutions, and stimulate the
adoption of ICTs in government and in commerce programmes;
57. Promote sustainable tourism activities contributing to sustainable development efforts,
through initiatives to implement projects at the local, national and sub-regional levels, with
specific emphasis on marketing African tourism products, such as adventure tourism, ecotourism
and cultural tourism, establish cross-border conservation areas to promote both
ecosystem conservation and sustainable tourism, and promote indigenous knowledge in natural
resource management and eco-tourism;
58. Support African countries in their efforts to implement the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul
Declaration through initiatives to strengthen national and local institutional capacities in the
areas of sustainable urbanization and human settlements, provide support for adequate shelter
and basic services and to the development of efficient and effective governance systems in cities
and other human settlements and, strengthen inter alia, the UN-HABITAT/UNEP Managing
Water for African Cities Programme.
IX. Means of Implementation
59. The implementation of Agenda 21 and the achievement of the internationally agreed
development goals requires a substantially increased effort, both by countries themselves and by
the international community, based on the principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities, to significantly increase financial resources including new and additional
financial resources, and to improve trade opportunities, transfer of environmentally sound
technologies, on a concessional or preferential basis as mutually agreed, education and
awareness-raising, capacity-building, information for decision-making, and scientific
capabilities.
39
60. Take action at all levels to make, on the part of developed industrialised countries that have
not done so, concrete efforts to reach the target of 0.7% of GNP as ODA to developing countries
and 0.15% and 0.20% of GNP of developed industrialised countries to least developed by 2003.
61. Encourage recipient and donor countries, as well as international institutions, to make ODA
more efficient and effective. In particular, multilateral and bilateral financial and development
institutions need to intensify efforts to:
(a) [Harmonize their operational procedures at the highest standard so as to reduce
transaction costs and make ODA disbursement and delivery more flexible, taking into
account national development needs and objectives under the ownership of the
recipient country;
(b) Support and enhance recent efforts and initiatives, such as untying aid, including
the implementation of the OECD/Development Assistance Committee
recommendation on untying aid to the least developed countries;
(c) Enhance the absorptive capacity and financial management of recipient countries
to utilize aid, in order to promote the use of most suitable aid delivery instruments that
are responsive to the needs of developing countries and to the need for resource
predictability, including budget support mechanisms, where appropriate, and in a
fully consultative manner;
(d) Use development frameworks that are owned and driven by developing countries
and that embody poverty reduction strategies, including poverty reduction strategy
papers, as vehicles for aid delivery, upon request;
(e) Enhance recipient countries’ input and ownership of the design, including
procurement, of technical assistance programs; and increase the effective use of local
technical assistance resources;
(f) Promote the use of ODA to leverage additional financing for development, such as
foreign investment, trade, and domestic resources;
(g) Strengthen triangular cooperation, including countries with economies in
transition, and South-South cooperation, as delivery tools for assistance;
(h) Improve ODA targeting to the poor, coordination of aid and measurement of
results.6]
62. [Create an enabling domestic environment for mobilizing domestic resources,
increasing productivity, reducing capital flight, encouraging the private sector and
attracting and making effective use of international investment and assistance, by inter alia
6 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus.
40
encouraging countries to establish transparent, participatory and accountable governance
in all sectors of society.7]
63. Make full and effective use of existing financial mechanisms, with action to:
(a) Strengthen international efforts to reform the existing international financial
architecture and make it more transparent, equitable, rules-based and inclusive, and able to
provide for the effective participation of developing countries in facing the challenges of
globalization;
(b) Improve the lending policies of the international financial institutions as well as their
role in providing policy advice, technical assistance and surveillance and monitoring
towards managing volatile short-term capital flows in order to make these coherent and
consistent with sustainable development objectives of developing countries enshrined in the
Rio agreements;
(c) Ensure the successful and substantial third replenishment of the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) and make the GEF more responsive to the needs and concerns of developing
countries by, inter alia, leveraging additional funds from key public and private
organizations, improving management of funds through more speedy and streamlined
procedures, and simplifying the GEF project approval cycle;
(d) Provide, on the part of developed industrialised countries, tax and other incentives to
encourage their private sector, including trans-national corporations, private foundations and
civil society institutions to provide financial and technical assistance for sustainable
development and environmental conservation to in developing countries.
(e) Support new public/private sector financing mechanisms, both debt and equity, for
developing countries and countries with economies in transition, to benefit in particular
small entrepreneurs and small and medium-size enterprises and infrastructure.
64. Create ways of generating new public and private innovative sources of finance, including
special drawing rights (SDR) for sustainable development purposes.
65. Reduce the debt burden of developing countries, with actions at all levels to:
(a) Implement speedily, effectively and fully the enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which should be fully financed through additional resources
and take, as appropriate, measures to address any fundamental changes in countries’ debt
burden caused by natural catastrophes, severe terms-of-trade shocks or conflict;
(b) Further reduce outstanding indebtedness through appropriate debt cancellation,
international and creditors together to restructure unsustainable debt in a timely and efficient
manner;
7 Same as above.
41
(c) Develop and apply innovative mechanisms to comprehensively address debt problems
of developing countries, as well as countries with economies in transition. Such mechanisms
may include debt-for-sustainable-development and debt-for-nature swaps.
******
66. Implement the outcomes of the Doha Ministerial Conference and further strengthen to
ensure the meaningful, effective and full participation of developing countries in multilateral
trade negotiations, as well as place the needs and interests of developing countries at the heart of
the negotiations on a future WTO work programme, with action to:
(a) Facilitate the accession of all developing countries, particularly the least developed
countries, as well as countries with economies in transition, that apply for membership to
the World Trade Organization (WTO);
(b) Implement the New Strategy for WTO Technical Cooperation for Capacity Building,
Growth and Integration and in this regard, support the “Doha Development Agenda Global
Trust Fund” as an important step forward in ensuring a sound and predictable basis for
WTO trade-related technical assistance;
(c) Fully implement the Integrated Framework for Trade Related Technical Assistance to
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and urge developed countries to significantly increase
contributions to the Integrated Framework Trust Fund;
(d) Provide commodity-dependent countries with, inter alia, financial and technical
assistance including through international assistance for economic diversification,
sustainable resource management, and for coping with the instability of commodity prices
and declining terms of trade.
67. Facilitate access to markets for the exports of developing countries, particularly in areas of
interest to these countries, with action to:
(a) Remove tariff, non-tariff barriers, protectionist measures and [unilateral restrictive
trade practices/ unilateral trade sanctions to reinforce the environmental agenda;8]
Greenpeace comment: the text in square brackets must be removed, given that it would kill
trade-related environmental measures of any kind, and at best “chill” the implementation
and further development of relevant international law and regulations (i.e. Basel
Convention, Montreal Protocol, POPs Convention, CITES, Kyoto Protocol, etc).
(b) Review all special and differential treatment provisions, with a view to strengthening
them and making them more precise, effective and operational;
(c) Commit, on the part of developed industrialised countries that have not already done so,
to the objective of providing duty-free and quota-free access for all LDCs’ exports;
8 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus.
42
(d) [Reduce, as appropriate, eliminate tariffs on non-agricultural products, including
the reduction or elimination of tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation, as well as
non-tariff barriers, in particular on products of interest to developing countries.
Product coverage shall be comprehensive and without a priori exclusions;]
(e) [Fulfill the commitment to comprehensive negotiations of the Agreement on
Agriculture aimed at substantial improvements in market access, reduction of, with a
view to phasing out, all forms of export subsidies, and substantial reductions in tradedistorting
domestic support, while realizing that the provisions for special and
differential treatment for developing countries and non-trade concerns are an integral
part of the negotiations.9]
68. Enhance the benefits for developing countries, as well as countries with economies in
transition, from trade liberalization, including through public-private partnerships, with inter
alia, action to:
(a) Enhance trade infrastructure and strengthen institutions;
(b) Increase and diversify export capacity;
(c) Increase the value-added of exports.
69. Make trade and environment mutually supportive, with action to:
(a) Encourage the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment to undertake consider
UNEP´s an and other in-depth studiesy on the impact of environment trade standards on
trade the environment, and in particular on exports the competitiveness of from developing
countries;
(b) [Continue undertaking and commissioning independent environmental and
developmental assessments of trade policies], and taking them into account;
(c) Eliminate, or as appropriate, reduce environmentally harmful subsidies, [particularly
in developed industrialised countries].
70. Promote as a priority the creation of domestic and international markets for organic
productse through technical assistance and co-operation with developing countries, tax and other
incentives, with due attention to the need for quality control compliance and preservation of
consumer confidence in order to encourage organic production and trade.
******
71. Urgent action is required at all levels to promote, facilitate, and as appropriate, finance the
development, transfer and diffusion of environmentally sound and cost-effective technologies
and the corresponding know-how, to and among developing countries, with action to:
9 Same as above.
43
(a) Provide information more effectively;
(b) Establish technology-clearing houses;
(c) Provide mobility grants for technology assessment purposes;
(d) Establish legal and regulatory frameworks in both supplier and recipient countries that
expedite the transfer of environmentally sound technologies, particularly clean and
renewable energy technology, by both public and private sectors in these countries to
developing countries and support their implementation;
(e) Promote the access and transfer of technology related to early warning systems and to
mitigation programmes to developing countries affected by natural disasters.
72. Improve the transfer of technologies to developing countries, in particular at the bilateral
and regional levels, with action to:
(a) Improve interaction and collaboration, stakeholder relationships and networks between
and among universities, research institutions, government agencies, and the private sector;
(b) Develop and strengthen networking of related institutional support structures such as
technology and productivity centres, research, training and development institutions, and
national and regional cleaner production centres;
(c) Create public-private partnerships conducive to investment and technology transfer,
development and diffusion, to assist developing countries as well as countries with
economies in transition, to share best practices and promoting programmes of assistance and
encourage collaborations between corporations and research institutes to enhance industrial
energy efficiency, sustainable agricultural productivity, environmental management, and
competitiveness;
(d) Provide assistance to developing countries, as well as countries with economies in
transition, to access environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the
public domain, as well as available knowledge in the public domain on science and
technology, and enable them to make independent use of this knowledge in pursuing their
development goals;
(e) [Establish a mechanism by 2004] for the development, transfer and diffusion of
environmentally sound technologies to developing countries with emphasis on renewable
energy technologies.
******
73. Assist developing countries in building capacity to access more equitable multilateral and
global research and development programmes.
74. Action is required to build greater capacity in science and technology for sustainable
development, with action to improve collaboration and partnerships on research and
44
development and their widespread application among research institutions, universities, the
private sector, governments, and networks, as well as between and among scientists and
academics of developing and developed countries;
75. Improve policy and decision-making at all levels through, inter alia, improved collaboration
between natural and social scientists, and between scientists and policy-makers, with action to:
(a) Increase the use of scientific knowledge and technology, including local and indigenous
knowledge;
(b) Make greater use of integrated scientific assessments, the precautionary principle risk
assessments, and interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral approaches;
(c) Assist developing countries in developing and implementing science policies;
(d) Establish partnerships between scientific, public and private institutions, and by
integrating scientists’ advice into decision-making bodies in order to ensure a greater role
for science, technology development and engineering sectors. Private and public scientific
institutions must provide comprehensive information on their sources of funding when
providing or offering advice to decision-making bodies;
76. Assist developing countries, through international cooperation, to enhance their capacity to
formulate policies for environmental protection, with action to:
(a) Improve their use of science and technology for environmental monitoring, assessment
models, accurate database and integrated information systems;
(b) Improve their use of satellite and remote sensing technologies for data collection and
further improvement of ground-based observations, in support of their efforts to achieve
accurate, long-term, consistent and reliable data;
(c) Set up or further develop national statistical services capable of providing sound data on
science education and R&D activities that are necessary for effective science and
technology policy-making.
77. Establish regular channels between policy makers and the scientific community for
requesting and receiving science and technology advice for the implementation of Agenda 21
and create and strengthen networks for science and education for sustainable development at all
levels with the aim of sharing knowledge, experiences and best practices. The sources of funding
of scientific institutions and scientists must be transparent and publicly available.
78. Use information and communication technologies, where appropriate, as tools to increase
the frequency of communication, the sharing of experiences and knowledge, and improve the
quality of, and access to, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in all countries,
building on the work of the UN Information and Communications Technology Task Force.
79. Provide new resources for publicly-funded research and development entities to engage in
strategic alliances, with the purpose of enhancing research and development to achieve cleaner
45
production and clean product technologies, and encourage the transfer and diffusion of those
technologies, in particular to developing countries.
80. [Establish an open, transparent and inclusive participatory process at the global level,
to examine issues related to the definition, identification and effective and adequate
provision of Global Public Goods.10]
******
81. Action is required at all levels to mobilize resources through new, concrete financial
commitments by national governments and also by bilateral and multilateral donors, including
the World Bank and the regional development banks, by civil society and by foundations, to:
(a) Meet the Millennium Development Goal of achieving universal primary education,
ensuring that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a
full course of primary education;
(b) Provide all children particularly those living in rural areas and those living in poverty,
especially girls, with the access and opportunity to complete a full course of elementary
education;
(c) Strengthen education, research and developmental institutions in developing countries
as well as countries with economies in transition in order to sustain their educational
infrastructures and programmes.
82. Provide financial assistance and support to education, research, environmental and
developmental institutions in developing countries as well as countries with economies in
transition, in order to:
(a) Sustain their educational infrastructures and programmes, including those related to
environment and public health education; and
(b) Apply measures and mechanisms to avoid the frequent, serious financial constraints
faced by universities many universities around the world, particularly in developing
countries as well as in countries in transition.
83. Allocate national and international resources for basic education and for improved
integration of sustainable development into education and in bilateral and multilateral
development programmes and improve integration between publicly funded R&D and
development programmes.
84. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably [by 2005], and to
all levels of education no later than [2015], to meet the Millennium Development Goals, with
action to ensure, inter alia, equal access to all levels and forms of education, training and
10 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus.
46
capacity building by gender mainstreaming, eliminating gender disparities, and by creating a
gender-sensitive educational system.
85. Integrate sustainable development into formal education systems at all levels of education,
and in particular into higher education in order to empower the world’s teachers to become key
agents for change.
86. Develop, implement and monitor national education action plans and programmes which
reflect the Dakar Framework for Action goals on Education for All and that are relevant to local
conditions and needs, and make education for sustainable development a part of said plans.
87. Provide a wide-range of formal and informal continuing educational opportunities in order
to end illiteracy and emphasize the importance of life-long learning, especially regarding
opportunities for sustainable development and the eradication of poverty.
88. Support the use of education to promote sustainable development, reduce poverty, train
people for sustainable livelihoods, and catalyse necessary public support for sustainable
development initiatives, with action to:
(a) Integrate information and communications technology (ICT) in school curriculum
development to ensure its access by both rural and urban communities, and provide
assistance particularly to developing countries, inter alia for the establishment of an
appropriate enabling environment required for ICT;
(b) Promote affordable access, including removal of prohibitive fees, and appropriate
programmes, for students, researchers and engineers from developing countries to the
universities and research institutions of developed industrialised countries, in order to
promote the exchange of experience and capacity that will benefit all partners;
(c) Implement, as soon as possible, the Work Programme on Education for Sustainable
Development agreed upon by the Commission on Sustainable Development at its fourth and
fifth sessions;
(d) Recommend to the General Assembly to consider adopting a “decade of education for
sustainable development” starting from 2005.
******
89. Enhance and accelerate human, institutional and infrastructure capacity-building initiatives
and promote partnerships in this regard that would respond to the needs of developing countries;
90. Mobilize new and additional financial and other resources, and support for community,
local, national, sub-regional and regional initiatives, with action to develop, use and adapt
knowledge and techniques and to enhance national, sub-regional and regional centres of
excellence for education, research and training in order to strengthen the knowledge capacity of
developing countries as well as countries with economies in transition;
47
91. Provide technical and financial assistance to developing countries, including the
strengthening of the Capacity 21 mandated by the General Assembly to:
(a) Assess their own capacity development needs and opportunities at individual,
institutional and societal levels;
(b) Design programmes for capacity building and support for national and community level
programmes which focus on meeting the challenges of globalization more effectively and
attaining the internationally agreed Millennium Development goals;
(c) Develop the capacity of civil society to participate in designing, implementing and
monitoring sustainable development policies and strategies at the national, regional and
international levels; and
(d) Build national capacities for carrying out effective implementation of Agenda 21.
******
92. Ensure access, at the national level, to environmental information and judicial and
administrative proceedings in environmental matters, and public participation in decision-making
to further Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, taking into full
account principles 5, 7, and 11 of the Declaration.
93. Strengthen national and regional information, and statistical and analytical services relevant
to sustainable development, and encourage donors to provide financial and technical support to
developing countries to enhance their capacity to formulate policies for sustainable development.
94. Encourage further work by countries at the national level on indicators for sustainable
development sustainability, including integration of gender aspects, on a voluntary basis, in line
with national conditions and priorities.
95. Promote the development and wider use of earth observation technologies to collect data on
environmental impacts, land use and land-use changes, with action to:
(a) Strengthen cooperation and coordination among global observing systems and research
programmes for integrated global observations, taking into account the need for sharing of
data from ground-based observations, satellite remote sensing and other sources among all
countries;
(b) Develop information systems that make the sharing of valuable data possible, including
the active exchange of Earth observation data.
96. Assist countries, particularly developing countries and the United States, in their national
efforts to:
(a) Achieve accurate, long-term, consistent and reliable data;
48
(b) Use satellite and remote-sensing technologies for data collection and further
improvement of ground-based observations;
(c) Access, explore and use geographic information by utilizing the technologies of satellite
remote-sensing, satellite global positioning, mapping and geographic information systems.
97. Support efforts to prevent and mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, through action to;
(a) Provide unrestricted and affordable access to disaster-related information for early
warning purposes;
(b) Translate available data, particularly from global meteorological observation systems,
into timely and useful products.
98. Develop and promote the wider application of environmental impact assessments (EIA), as
appropriate, to provide essential decision-support information on projects that could cause
significant adverse effects to the environment.
99. [Further develop and promote the wider application of strategic environment
assessments (SEA), as appropriate, to provide essential decision-support information on
policies, programmes or plans which could have significant negative or positive effects on
the environment.]
100. [Further develop and promote sustainability impact assessments at the national level
as a tool to better identify trade, environment and development linkages as well as
appropriate mitigating and enhancing measures, and encourage countries and
international organizations with experience in this field to provide assistance to developing
countries, for this purpose.11]
11 The Chairman has not proposed any compromise language and further discussion will be needed to reach
consensus. Same for paragraph 100.