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PAMBAZUKA NEWS 50 * 8304 SUBSCRIBERS
UNESCO is to launch a new portal on higher education this year. The portal, among other things, will provide a database on Internet courses on science and engineering.
What is peace education? Does it mean creating a separate subject in the school curriculum? Or does it involve the creation of a dimension across the curriculum, a concern that may be explored in different ways with any age group and in any subject?
Violations of children's rights were all too common in 2001. Children were beaten and tortured by police, forced to work long hours under hazardous conditions, or warehoused in detention centers and orphanages. Millions crossed international borders in search of safety or were displaced within their own countries. Hundreds of thousands served as soldiers in armed conflicts.
The anti-terror campaign led by the United States is inspiring opportunistic attacks on civil liberties around the world, Human Rights Watch warned in its new annual global survey.
The forty-sixth session of this Commission will consider the following two thematic issues: Eradicating poverty, including through the empowerment of women throughout their life cycle in a globalizing world; and Environmental management and mitigation of natural disasters: a gender perspective.
Terence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer
This unique handbook studies the important area of WTO trade remedy disputes. Since the WTO Agreement entered into force in 1995, over a third of all requests for consultations filed with the WTO have concerned a trade remedy dispute. The book summarizes over 40 decisions issued by WTO panels and the Appellate Body in trade remedy disputes during the first six years of the WTO Agreement. The issue—specific format of the book provides the legal researcher-whether practitioner, government official, or panelist—with a useful and concise guide to WTO precedent in trade remedy disputes. Transnational Publishers, 2001, 1-57105-195-3.
For the past decades, poverty and war have scarred the planet in ways that continue to frustrate the efforts of the international community to curtail them. Wherever the fault lies—in the unreadiness of post-colonial societies for democracy, in the inefficiency or shortsightedness of international organizations, in the cultural insensitivity of many multinational corporations, in varieties of human greed, or (most likely) some Gordian knot entangling all of these, one thing is certain—the need to solve the problem grows by the day. After September 11, it is clear that innovation and a commitment to utilize all of our resources will be a central hallmark of the strategy not only to win the war but also to win the peace. Privatizing Peace: From Conflict to Security is the first book to explore the possibilities of a fusion in depth. Drawing on first-hand experience of World Bank and UN initiatives, the authors pinpoint the weaknesses in the numerous peacekeeping missions of recent decades, as well as the blind spots in the thinking that guided them. Even more significantly, they clearly demonstrate the ways in which well-meaning stabilization and reconstruction programs fail to accommodate the economic and social imperatives of war-torn societies. But this visionary work is not merely an indictment of First World myopia in the face of Third World devastation. The authors offer cogent, well-thought-out recommendations, firmly grounded in current reality, with a powerful determination to avoid the repetition of past mistakes. Transnational Publishers, 2002, 1-57105-147-3.
A protracted US war against terror must combine military force with the resources of the criminal-justice system. And this exercise must be multilateral in two complementary senses: Military campaigns and their aftermath require the assembly of coalitions, the cooperation of allies, and the use of international peacekeeping forces and relief efforts under the aegis of international agencies. Furthermore, a war against terror necessarily requires the cooperation of many nations in hunting down and bringing to justice individual suspects. Simply to try all suspected terrorists before U.S. military tribunals intended for emergency battlefield conditions would put America at odds not only with its own domestic constitutional safeguards but with international conventions on the treatment of prisoners of war.
AIDS researchers have discovered simian immunodeficiency virus, an HIV-like virus, for the first time in the wild in a Tanzanian chimpanzee, the AP/New York Times reports. The findings "bolster" the theory that HIV originated in chimps, Dr. Beatrice Hahn, a molecular geneticist at the University of Alabama-Birmingham, said in her report that appears in the journal Science.
Some "safe, inexpensive [and] widely available" sexual lubricants containing two compounds reduced HIV replication by 99.9% in HIV-infected sperm, according to a University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston study published in the November 2001 issue of AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Salon.com reports.
The South African Medical Association, which represents 17,000 doctors, two-thirds of whom work in the public sector, has announced its support for physicians who prescribe post-exposure prophylaxis antiretroviral treatment for rape survivors, despite the national government's policy against such treatment, the South African Press Association reports.
Two hefty asteroids passed close to Earth last Wednesday. At least five are more set to swing near by January's end, but none are dinosaur-killers, scientists who track them said. One of Wednesday's close-approaching asteroids measured between .6 and 1.8 miles in diameter, a big enough space rock to cause catastrophe if it collided with Earth. But asteroid 7341 1991 VK got no closer than 7 million miles, nearly 24 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.
Fishmongers operating at Kenya's lake Turkana, part of the great Rift Valley lakes, are luring school children to drop out and engage in childlabour, local officials have confirmed.
The asbestosis case against the British mining company, Cape PLC, may have been won but the battle against asbestos pollution carries on. There are huge asbestos mine dumps around the country, with 82 in the Northern Cape alone.
Plans are well advanced for large holding camps near the Zimbabwe border to accommodate thousands of refugees should the situation in that country deteriorate in the run-up to and aftermath of the March presidential elections, according to the department of home affairs.
Zimbabwe's Minister of State for Information and Publicity Jonathan Moyo wants the European Union (EU) to urge the British and Netherlands governments to stop sponsoring short wave radio stations that broadcast in Zimbabwe.
A consortium of Nigerian lawyers opposed to the death penalty, are representing Safiya Husseini Tungar Tudu, the 30-year-old woman sentenced to death by stoning for adultery, in the northern state of Sokoto.
This article highlights some basic steps towards keeping your computer virus free. It also shows you how to check whether warning emails are hoaxes or real, and how to keep your anti-virus software up-to-date. If you're unsure about viruses and how to deal with them, read on...
This report addresses the overarching question regarding the role of institutions in enhancing market development following market reforms. It uses the New Institutional Economics framework to empirically analyze the role of a specific market institution, that of brokers acting as intermediaries to match traders in the Ethiopian grain market in reducing the transaction costs of search faced by traders. Brokers play a key role in facilitating exchange in a weak marketing environment where limited public market information, the lack of grain standardization, oral contracts, and weak legal enforcement of contracts increase the risk of contract failure. Relying on primary data, it analyzes traders' microeconomic behavior, social capital, the nature and extent of their transaction costs, and the norms and rules governing the relationship between brokers and traders.The study uses an innovative approach to quantify the costs of search and demonstrates that the brokerage institution is economically efficient both for individual traders and for global economic welfare.
More than 1,000 elephant tusks stolen by poachers have been recovered in the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, police have said.
A cholera epidemic in 8 of Mozambique's 11 provinces has infected 11,527 people and killed 139 in only a few months, health officials said. The epidemic began in August in the central Zambezia province, where more than half the deaths have been recorded, Avertino Barreto, the deputy national director of health, told state radio.
After the international community overwhelmingly reaffirmed its commitment to the 1951 Refugee Convention, UNHCR's Global Consultations process moves forward on an Agenda for Protection -- a series of activities which will serve as a guide to humanitarian organizations and governments in strengthening refugee protection.
The European monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia has published its third report on developments in racism, xenophobia and Anti-Semitism in the EU Member States. The Annual Report 2000 was presented to the public in Brussels on the 18 December 2001. Read also our News Release. You may download an electronic version of the Report or fill in the order form if you prefer to receive a printed copy of EUMC publications.
A long denial of its AIDS dilemma will transform Africa's smallest country into a destination for foreign migrant workers, to the dismay of a national leadership that seeks to keep the character of the traditional kingdom of Swaziland intact in the 21st century.
At the beginning of the 21st Century, the total number of persons living outside of their countries of origin worldwide was estimated at over 150 million, of which the ILO counts some 100 million as migrant workers and their families. According to ILO estimates, Africa has among the largest numbers of migrant workers, 20 million, one-fifth of the global total. There are some 30 across Europe -East and West--, 18 million in North America, 12 million in Central and South America, 9 million in the Middle East, and 7 million in South and East Asia.
From January 28th 2002 highly waged people will be given freedom to move to the UK, under the new, Highly Skilled Migrant Programme (HSMP). High earners with exceptional skills, abilities or experience will be able to come to the UK to seek work The applicants will be assessed on a 'Money' - based system of qualifications and experience. To be considered for the scheme an applicant will need to obtain a minimum of 75 points from the five following areas: Past earnings - Educational qualifications - Work experience - Achievement in chosen field - suitably qualified doctors. HMSP, is just the latest piece in a long history of racist immigration rules. The vast majority (if not all) of immigration detainees, presently held in detention centres and prisons in the UK, come from the countries mentioned above. Very, very few of them would earn the sums quoted. HMSP, not only discriminates against these people but depletes these countries of badly needed skilled workers.
Elephant poaching has resumed in Kenya, senior Kenya Wildlife Service officials admit. At the same time, government officials say that the Kenya Wildlife Service, responsible for managing the country's wildlife, is in the red and is relying on government handouts to operate.
The arrest of a respected human rights lawyer underlines a consistent pattern of intimidation and harassment of human rights defenders in Cameroon, Amnesty International have said.
In a letter to Justice Minister Amadou Ali, RSF asked for clarification following the sentencing of Georges Baongla, publication director of the weekly "Le Démenti", to five years' imprisonment. "Due process was seemingly not respected in this case.
The police are the first targets of an "aggressive war" on public corruption that has been launched in Kenya. Mr Swaleh Slim's anti-corruption police unit chose the graft-prone traffic police department as its first stop. Graft fighting experts will assess the magnitude of the problem in the police department before they move to other government departments perceived to be dens of corruption.
International auditingfirms operating in southern Africa said an investigation into the assets of Robert Mugabe, president of Zimbabwe, and those of his associates would be strengthened by the co-operation of international donor agencies.
The Lutheran World Federation reports from Rwanda that tens of thousands of people fleeing a volcano near Goma, Congo, have made their way across the border into Rwanda seeking shelter in churches, schools and public buildings. Others are believed to have fled into the forests and along the shores of Lake Kivu. Some have already returned to their city to find lost loved ones.
The Somali opposition grouping, Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council (SRRC), on Friday urged the international community to step in and resolve once and for all the civil conflict that has blighted the war-ravaged country since 1991.
Two child workers from Mali are honoured by the country's President, Alpha Oumar Konare, as he kicks off a campaign on behalf of the International Labour Organisation at the start of Africa's biggest football competition.
After intense international pressure, Zimbabwe's government delayed its vote last week on a harsh media bill that would stifle dissent during the run-up to the presidential elections, scheduled for early March, until certain changes can be made to the legislation, according to Justice Minister Patrick Chinamasa.
A new report from the United Nations Refugee Agency, UNHCR, paints a fascinating picture of how asylum seeking has developed and changed over the last two decades. And it is a measure of the rapid rate of change that countries from which people were fleeing in the early eighties are now in their turn actually becoming havens for those seeking asylum.
Fresh concerns over the impact of coltan mining in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo were raised this week by a local pressure group following a marked decline in the livelihoods of communities close to the sites where the rare mineral is extracted.
Aid agencies were poised to start substantial emergency supplies to the stricken Congolese town of Goma on Tuesday after a leading expert said Africa's deadliest volcanic eruption in 25 years appeared over.
Hundreds of people fled a rural town in Nigeria’s northern Katsina State fearing reprisal attacks after a mob killed seven policemen, residents said on Monday.
Thousands of people who fled their homes in the eastern Congolese town of Goma following a volcanic eruption on Thursday have begun streaming back home, ignoring continued tremors from Mt. Nyiragongo and warnings by UN officials.
Worry over possible US attacks on Somalia has prompted an exodus from urban areas to the countryside for safety reasons, a senior official of Somalia's Transitional National Government (TNG) told IRIN on Monday.
The government of Sudan and the rebel Sudanese People's Liberation Movement/Army from the Nuba Mountains (SPLM/A-Nuba) on Saturday signed a renewable six-month cease-fire agreement for the area in Southern Kordofan, south-central Sudan.
The enduring phenomenon of internal displacement is one of the most evident and acute effects of the civil war in Sudan, which has been raging since 1983.
The Kenyan police and the ruling party have both rejected a new report stating that the police force is the most heavily bribed institution in Kenya, saying that it was an effort to discredit the government and its efforts to fight corruption.
A Swiss nongovernmental organisation, Foundation Hirondelle, in collaboration with the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo plans to start a nationwide radio station within the next month, the mission's information officer, David Smith, said at the weekend.
Representatives of the political opposition and civil society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) - meeting in Brussels this week to discuss the future of their country - signed a 14-page document on Thursday aimed at paving the way towards the inter-Congolese dialogue.
The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has agreed to help those among the 345,000 Burundi refugees in Tanzania return home, but said it was not calling for an immediate repatriation because of continuing insecurity in Burundi.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has released a CD-ROM containing the decisions and papers from the court's first five years of operation, the first such conference tool the UN has produced in international criminal justice, the world body reported on Thursday.
The head of the Ethiopian Orthodox church has warned about the spread of AIDS in a sermon marking the country's holiest day. Patriarch Abune Paulos, in an address to celebrate Ethiopian Epiphany, urged the community to provide support and show compassion to victims of the virus.
One of the world’s largest animal surveys will be launched in Ethiopia next month. For the first time ever, all the animals in the country are to be counted as part of a massive census by the Ethiopian Central Statistics Authority (CSA).
Zimbabwean journalists who gathered in Harare on Saturday have resolved to defy a proposed new media bill expected to be considered by parliament later this week.
Presidential candidate Marc Ravalomanana has called on his supporters to return to the streets in protest following a High Constitutional Court ruling on Wednesday to recount votes cast in presidential polls on 16 December.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has welcomed Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe's assurances of a free and fair election in March, but says he is "acutely" concerned by the promulgation of a battery of restrictive laws in the troubled southern African country.
Members of the UN Monitoring Mechanism on Sanctions against UNITA are in Luanda to hold discussions with diplomats, civil society and President Jose Eduardo dos Santos' government.
A symbolic weapons burning ceremony took place at Lungi, north of the capital Freetown, on Friday to mark the end of a decade of civil conflict in Sierra Leone. During the event 3,000 weapons and hundreds of rounds of ammunition were destroyed, Francis Kai-Kai, Executive Secretary of the National Committee for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration, told IRIN on Friday.
Normalcy started to return to Nigeria on Friday
after labour unions called off a two-day-old general strike which had shut down most of the country’s major cities.
After spending one and half months in prison, the 29 alleged plotters of a coup attempt reported in Guinea Bissau last month, will finally be allowed to meet defence lawyers, the Portuguese news agency Lusa reported on Friday.
ARTICLE 19 has released a report criticising a Bill now before the Zimbabwean Parliament that will significantly extend government control over the independent media. ARTICLE 19 calls on the Parliament not to pass the Bill into law. The Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Bill 2001 would grant a broad range of restrictive powers over the media to a Commission under the control of the Minister of Information. Despite its name, the Bill does very little to ensure access to information and contains only limited provisions on privacy.
Already burdened by brutal civil wars, internal conflicts, socio-political unrest, and economic difficulties - all of which have retarded development- West and Central African countries have woken up to another challenge: child trafficking and exploitation.
SA OPINION makers have identified crime and corruption as the two biggest obstacles to doing business in the country.
Three government departments have been ranked as the most corrupt in Kenya in a dramatic new national survey. Kenya Police top the bribery league followed by the Ministry of Public Works and the Immigration Department.
international campaign to preserve press freedom in Mozambique appeared to win a tactical victory Friday when a judge delayed for two months a criminal defamation trial against the two small children of a corruption-fighting journalist who was gunned down in an apparent assassination in the capital, Maputo, 14 months ago.
If the Special Court for Sierra Leone is to tackle impunity effectively and fairly and contribute to the peace and reconciliation process, the independence of the prosecutor must be assured and monitored, adequate and sustained funding must be guaranteed, and a clear relationship between the Special Court and Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) established," Amnesty International has said.
Baseless allegations against a human rights organization printed in Zimbabwe's state controlled daily newspaper signal the newest phase in the government's campaign to undermine civil society, according to Amnesty International.
In Benin, the determination of President Kerekou's government to fight corruption is bearing fruit. In this connection, nine magistrates have just been arrested. They are accused of stealing more than 1bn CFA francs.
As we prepare for the forthcoming General elections, we cannot ignore the increase of organisations which have come up offering to the general public civic education on the constitution. I wish to compliment them and urge them to go on even after true reforms. Constitutionalism should be infinite.
Ashoka Southern Africa is to elect leading social entrepreneurs to their Global Fellowship at a gala event at the Spier Auditorium, Spier
Estate in Stellenbosch. The Fellows are being recognised for their innovative approaches at addressing pressing social issues.
The Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA) offers a programme in the design of learning programmes for democracy educators. It offers participants the opportunity to explore
ways in which Education for Democracy, Human Rights, Electoral and Citizenship education can play a role in building a strong democratic culture in civil society.
COSATU is looking to appoint a National Accountant to head its Accounts Unit. It will be the incumbent's responsibility to coordinate the activities of structure; act as an internal auditor for COSATU and, amongst other things, produce and present monthly, quarterly and yearly financial statements.
January 17, 2002 - As UNESCO is preparing its contribution to the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), which will be held in 2003 in Geneva and in 2005 in Tunis, a first round of consultations with representatives of NGOs working in the fields of UNESCO's competence is being organized at the Organization's Paris Headquarters in February 2002. The NGOs are invited to provide their specific input to the WSIS preparation process focusing on the challenges of providing for all an affordable and equitable access to information.
COSATU is looking for a spokesperson. It will also be the incumbent's responsibility to coordinate and manage the federation's media strategy, oversee other
staff members responsible for the production of the Shopsteward Magazine.
COSATU is looking for a parliamentary coordinator to act as Deputy of the Head of
the office by managing the office and personnel including representing
the federation at various political forums.
SPP is a Cape Town-based NGO facilitating land reform & capacity building in the rural Western & Northern Cape. A vacancy exists for a Coordinator for the Hantam Karoo programme based in Calvinia.
The Charities Aid Foundation Southern Africa (CAF) is looking to appoint a Co-ordinator for the Corporate Services Programme.
Zimbabwe faces the near certainty of EU sanctions yesterday after failing to give assurances on press freedom, or to say how international observers will be able to monitor the presidential elections.
The Zimbabwean President faced a rebellion by some of his closest allies on Tuesday when they refused to endorse a media law that seeks to stifle criticism of Robert Mugabe and shut down the free press.
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)on Thursday, 17 January agreed to provide US $100 million in funding to help improve the lives of Sudanese children over the next four years, the Sudanese Ministry of International Cooperation and UNICEF said in a joint statement.
There are signs that the Zimbabwean government is trying to honour commitments it made to its neighbours at the recent Southern African Development Community (SADC)summit in Malawi, a leading human rights activist told IRIN on Tuesday.
Christian AID,Save the Children and UN World Food Programmes's funding for food security in Zimbabwe's poorest regions has had a positive impact on intended beneficiaries.
The Australian government will provide $500,000 in emergency aid following the devastation caused by the eruption of Volcano Nyiragongo last Thursday in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Concern has responded by allocating an initial €100,000 to aid those affected by the eruption of the Nyiragongo Volcano near Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo.
Oxfam has commited funds to assist victims of Congo volcanic eruption and has appealed to international community to honour their moral obligation to help Congo. It says the international community has failed to help Congo escape years of war and now they have a chance to get it right following Thursday's horrific volcanic eruption in Goma.
The Gender Advocacy Programme is looking for a project coordinator to work in its Domestic Violence Project.
The Zimbabwe government has failed, for the second time in a week, to introduce in parliament a controversial bill that would clamp down on press freedom.
About 3 400 people in KwaZulu-Natal have been infected with cholera over the past six weeks and Sapa reports a further outbreak in the Eastern Cape.
Lindy Morrison and Richard Holden, both officials of the Mvula Trust, a water and sanitation NGO working in rural and peri-urban communities, suggest how to tackle cholera in South Africa.
A series of question come to mind in the face of the damage to a large town in a volcanic eruption.
Principle question is suggested by the irony of Goethe's aphorism. Does "city air make men free" in the case of Goma? Why is Goma where it is? What was its function in the days of Belgian colonialism? Under Mobutu? In 1994? Now? Is it a life boat for people in a sea of economic and security threats, or is it a death trap?
Another question concerns "disaster diplomacy" in the broad sense. This is a very unstable region where there are several armed groups dating from the terrible events in Rwanda in 1994 and also the civil war within Mobutu's Zaire and, after his downfall, within the new Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter war became internationalized as a number of African countries became involved on one side or the other. There is presently a cease fire supervised by the United Nations. Will armed groups take advantage of this situation to do more than loot, possibly beginning hostilities again? Will people displaced by the volcano be in danger from armed gangs?
To what extent has this long history of war and instability undermined the capacity of local government, at municipal level, such as in the sizeable town (small city) of Goma (pop. 500,000)? Would more municipal capacity have provided clearer, more timely, and credible warnings and instructions?
A third cluster of questions surround this issue of risk communication. Why have the population movements sea-sawed back and forth between Rwanda and Congo? Why don't displaced persons want to stay in the camps that have been established for them farther from the volcano, deeper in Rwanda (an additional 20 km)? What efforts at risk communication have been undertaken?
RECOVERY
What was the status quo ante? Is that to be the goal of recovery? What was municipal capacity before? What was scientific capacity? If one agrees with Oxfam UK director, Barbara Stocking, that the prior situation was, in itself, a human development disaster, then what should the goal of recovery be?
In the future there will be an on-going volcano treat. (With the next heavy rain will there be mass movements of cement-like ash called lahar?) Are there more and less exposed sites in greater Goma? Have they been mapped? Will people be resettled there? How?
Many cities "live with volcanoes". There are dozens of examples in the Caribbean, Central America, the Andes, Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan. Seattle sits within view of Mt. Rainer, and Quito just below Pinchicha. Think of Hilo, Hawaii; San Salvador, El Salvador; Puebla, Mexico; or Kagoshima, Japan. What can they teach Goma? What are the preconditions for Goma's being able to institutionalize such lessons?
In this context an interesting comparison presents itself. As one looks back a few years hence at the recovery process on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, where the principle city was destroyed, and the recovery of Goma, how will the two compare?
On a more philosophical note, a few questions about urbanism and urbanization suggest themselves. Throughout history cities have served regions of towns, villages, homesteads. They have had links with other cities of the same size and larger ones. They have been part of networks.
Cities have economic, administrative, military, and social functions.
Presumably Goma has been such a city? Has it slowly ceased to be a city in any of those senses since 1994? If so, can it be such a city again?
Does one perhaps need a new name for a new kind of city: isolated by disintegration of the national state administrative and economic network? Maintained by the economic activity of foreign relief agencies, militias, and peace keepers? At risk to a wide variety of natural and technological hazards because of the deterioration of managerial capacity, economic viability, and deterioration of infrastructure?
Sarajevo? Kandahar? Mogadishu? Now: Goma?
Tony Poderis makes a strong and well argued appeal for traditional face to face fundraising. The web is impersonal, he says. But he forgets entirely about email, the most personal online medium other than chat.
For the last several months a group of dedicated African scholars and students have conceived the idea of an African Distance Learning Association which will co-ordinate existing educational technologies and the skill of African expatriates to assist African scientific and social institutions via traditional collaborations, volunteer teaching, information exchange, student exchange and the like. This association is open to all who can make positive contribution to education in Africa.
Visions In Action and the Georgetown University African Studies Program are co-sponsoring the 6th national conference on Working for Global Justice: Careers, Issues, and Activism in International Development. This year’s conference theme is Resources and Conflict in Africa, and will be highlighted by keynote speaker addresses, panels and an activism opportunity.
To subscribe to the e-discussion, visit the website and follow the instructions. You will receive a message from the moderator at the start of the discussion.
"The Future of Conflict Prevention in the Post September 11 World" February 6 -14, 2002. Registration in Advance now Open. The more that actively participate, the greater the success for conflict prevention.
Subject to availability of funds, the project aims at supporting southern Sudanese communities re-establish their schools over a five-year period.
The latest jobs from OneWorld Jobs - the place on the Internet for jobs in sustainable development, environment and human rights.