The international donor and creditor communities have a duty to ensure that the anti-poor lending and borrowing patterns of the past are not repeated, says a joint submission to the World Bank and IMF review of HIPC and debt sustainability by the Catholic Fund for Overseas Development (CAFOD). Both debtors and creditors need to begin analytical work to judge the desirable blend of grants and concessional finance to enable low-income countries to manage their future debt burdens.