"The UN Security Council has twice discussed HIV/AIDS as a global security threat in the last two years. But, I respectfully submit, it has not yet fully grasped the issue. A number of academics and think tanks have also addressed the subject, including the International Crisis Group. But the evidence and analysis at their disposal does not yet allow them to come to firm conclusions. However, I believe that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a fundamental underlying threat to security on this continent." This is according to a submission by Alex de Waal, of the organisation Justice Africa, to the U.N. Secretary General's High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change: The HIV/AIDS and the Threat to Security in Africa.